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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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German roach
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2 black stripes, major pest of restaurants/bars
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Dark eyed fruit flies
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Harder to get rid of than melanogaster, worse than roaches for disease, sign of bad sanitation in back of restaurant
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Ants
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carpenter, odourous house
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Threshold/tolerance
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Restaurants care more about roaches than apt managers, 0 tolerance of bed bugs
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Management
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Sanitation, keep holes closed, close doors, chemical
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Roach aversion to chemicals
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Roaches taste glucose in bait as bitter now
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Equipment used
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Flash light, snap traps, vacuum, dusters, 'Foamer Simpson', compressed sprayer
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'Foamer Simpson' used for
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Dispenses foam that degrades organic matter (Food sources)
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Bed bugs
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Big problem in last decade, frass spots in seams of mattress or bedboard, bad infestation = spots on corners of wall, eggs white and glued to surfaces
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Bed bug treatment/control
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Use dog to find, heat treatment
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Fleas
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resistance to Fipronil, vaccuum, treat animal
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Roaches
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German roaches tend to be under equipment and in bathrooms where hot/humid, American roaches are true structural pest that comes out of sewers after flood (in Morrill)
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Pathways for pest entry
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Ivy, dumpsters, plumbing
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Gypsy moth more likely to defoliate foliage where?
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Dry sandy areas (trees already stressed)
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Things to consider with pathological biocontrol
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Are they safe to mammals? Cost/benefit vs chemicals, environment sensitivity, characteristics of host
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Cryptic environments
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Hard to use chemicals so use pathogen to follow host
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Foliage
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Many pathogens sensetive to UV
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Characteristics of host
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Population density, behavior of host (cleaning?), dispersal of host, host susceptibility, social or solitary?
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Fall web worms
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Lot of pathogens because they live together
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Type of pathogens
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Viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, microsporidia, nematodes
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Insect viruses
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Some are totally different than vertebrate viruses
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Fungi
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can be quick killers
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Bacteria
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Mostly are similar to those found in mammals, opportunistic, few kill insects
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Bt k-type
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can be transmitted between waxworms in bee hive
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Protozoa
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Can kill insects, most gut pathogens/comensals
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Microsporidia
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Not insect-specific
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Nematodes
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Infect as juveniles, use bacteria to kills host (farm bacteria, host is bacteria-producing farm)
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Characteristics of pathogen
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Infectivity, pathogenenicity, virulence, replication, toxin production, genetic strains
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Infectivity
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how many infective units does it take to infect host?
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Pathogenicity
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how much does it hurt host?
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Virulence
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How fast does it hurt host?
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Replication
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Some can reproduce only in host, others in environ
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Toxin production
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Toxins can be almost as efficacious as chemicals
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Genetic strains
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Metoresium are strain specific, more virulent to one host than another
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What strategy do pathogens use to reproduce?
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R strategists
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Epizootic
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Any time pathogen level increases, tends to be host density dependent, can be dramatic enough that almost all insects die off
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Inundative release
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Use like pesticides, distribute the pathogen
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Conservation
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Conserve enough of hosts that pathogen can remain in environ
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Classical control
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host is not native, neither is pathogen
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Neo-classical control
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Move pathogen to non-normal host like Wolbachia from Drosophila to mosquitoes
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Pathogen non-target risk
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Very low, less than parasitoids
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Production of pathogens
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Bt, fungi, nematodes grown in fermentation tanks. Fungi can be grown on rice/beans
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Bt
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Toxins are useful part, fermented in takes = competitive costs, formulated to resist UV, work on leps, mosqitoes, beetles
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Bt issues
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resistance, chemical pesticides still cheaper, toxic to large % of leps (non-targets a concern), controversy about production in human foods
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Fungi
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some strains more host specific than Bt, formulations for persistence/UV resistance
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Fungi issues
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need moisture, more expensive/slower acting than Bt/chemicals
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Green muscle
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likely to be added to US market soon, fungi used for control locusts
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Metarhizium and Beauveria
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fungi active against many leps, beetles, grasshoppers
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Hyphomycetes
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fungi with characteristics useful for growing as biocontrol
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Baculoviruses
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NPV, virulent/fast acting, host specific
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Baculoviruses issues
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must produce in host, more expensive/slower
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Nematodes
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Rhabditoid group, tend to be specific, mass produced in liquid but lose viability, can be sprayed, kill in 2-5 day, useful for cryptic hosts (can 'swim' through soil), use on roots on citrus, can persist in environ
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Nematode issues
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need moisture, more expensive/slower
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Criteria for microbial pesticides
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efficacy testing, resistance testing, persistence, safety, mass production feasibility, EPA registration
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Gypsy moth NVP
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larvae dies and hangs in V shape from prolegs
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Entomophaga maimaiga
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larvae dies head down with prolegs sticking out, produces conidia and resting spores, density independent, major pathogen for gypsy moths
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Nolo bait
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Persistent in environ but attacks ALL species of grasshoppers
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Milky spore
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bacteria for Japanese beetles
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CYD-X (Granulosis virus)
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specific for coddling moth control
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Augmentative release
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Add to naturally-occurring pathogens
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Inoculative release
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use pathogens as natural enemies (classical or neo-classical)
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pathogen biocontrol regulation
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APHIS = issues permits, EPA regulates pathogens but treats them as chemicals
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Gypcheck
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gypsy moth NVP used in slow the spread program
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