Ipm Class-Pests And Pesticides

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Soil applied herbicides

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Root inhibitors
Shoot inhibitors
Shoot and root inhibitors

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Root inhibitors

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-Dinitroanilines-"yellow" herbicides
-inhibit steps in plant cell division and result in fewer roots and club shaped roots
-except for oryzalin have water solubility <1ppm and bind to soil so unlikely to leach
-losses from volatilization and photodegradation on soil surfaces
-trifluralin (Treflan), ethalfluralin (Sonalan), pendimethalin (Prowl), oryzalin (Surflan)

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 Shoot inhibitors

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-soil applied for control of seedling grasses, some broadleaves and suppression of some perennials from tubers and rhizomes
-injury appears as malformed, dark green shoots and leaves
-grass crops with some resistance can be protected with safeners and protectants
-EPTC (Eptam), acetochlor (harness)

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Shoot and root inhibitors

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-preplant incorporated, preemergence and sometimes early postemergence for control of annual grasses, and some broadleaves in small seeded legumes, established woody species, established turf, established herbaceous perennials
-pronamide (Kerb), dichlobenil (Casoron)

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Foliar-Applied, Symplastically Translocated Herbicides

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Plant Growth Regulators
Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors
Pigment Inhibitors

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Plant Growth Regulators

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-disrupt hormone balance and protein synthesis
-chlorosis, stoppage of growth, and distorted new growth are first symptoms and appear on new growth first
-2,4-D, picloram (Tordon), dicamba (Banvel, Clarity), clopyralid (Stinger, Curtail), fluroxypyr (Starane)

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Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

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-prevent plants from producing specific amino acids
-symptoms include yellowing of new growth and death in days to weeks
-glyphosate (Roundup) & sulfosate (Touchdown) affect production of aromatic amino acids
-affect other sites of amino acid production:
-SU (sulfonylurea) herbicides: sulfometuron (Oust), metsulfuron-methyl (Ally, Escort); high soil pH increases persistence, pHs below 6.8 increase chemical degradation
-imidazolinone herbicides: imazapyr (Arsenal), imazethapyr (Pursuit); dry weather, cool temps and possibly low pH and high organic matter contribute to persistence in soil

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Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors

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-prevent formation of fatty acids, essential for production of plant lipids vital to cell membranes and new plant growth
-leaves yellow, redden and sometimes wilt, seedling grasses tend to break at soil surface
-grass herbicides: sethoxydim (Poast), clethodim (Select)

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Pigment Inhibitors

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-prevent plants from forming photosynthetic pigments
-new growth turns white and sometimes tinged with pink or purple
-clomazone (Command), fluridone (Sonar) and amitrole

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Upwardly Mobile Only Herbicides, Apoplastically Translocated

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inhibit photosynthetic process and translocate apoplastically with water in the plant from the soil to the leaves
-symptoms appear bottom up, from oldest tissue to youngest tissue, chlorosis between veins followed by necrosis
-foliar activity alone will only cause shoot death
-excellent soil activity, persistence varies from weeks to months
-atrazine, simazine and tebuthiuron (Spike)

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Non-translocated (Contact Herbicides)

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-Cell Membrane Destroyers
-rapid disruption of cell membranes and very rapid kill (<1 week)
-activated by sunlight to form hydrogen peroxide
-partial coverage results in spotting and/or partial shoot kill, new growth on surviving plants will be normal
-foliar activity alone can only provide shoot kill
-paraquat (Gramoxone), diquat

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To be effective, herbicides must:

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-adequately contact plants so good coverage by the spray mixture is essential
-be absorbed by plants
-move within the plants to the site of action, without being deactivated
-reach toxic levels at the site of action

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9 orders of insects that contain most of the destructive ones

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Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Siphonaptera & Thysanoptera

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Coleoptera

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beetles & weevils

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Diptera

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flies & mosquitoes

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Hemiptera

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true bugs, assassin bugs, stink bugs, bed bugs & lygus bugs

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Homoptera

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Aphids & leafhoppers

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Hymenoptera

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wasps, bees, ants & sawflies

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Lepidoptera

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butterflies & moths

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Orthoptera

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grasshoppers

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Siphonaptera

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fleas

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Thysanoptera

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thrips

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groups of insecticides

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organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, nicotinoids, spinosyns, insect growth regulators, botanicals, synergists or activators