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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DEVELOPS FROM THE NEURAL TUBE- PNS OR CNS
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CNS
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DEVELOPS FROM THE NEURAL CREST- ONS OR CNS
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PNS
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WHEN NEURAL TUBE FORMATION BEGINS
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ON DAY 18
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THICKENING OF THE ECTODERM
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NEURAL PLATE
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NEURAL FOLDS ARE RAISED EDGES OF WHAT?
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THE NEURAL PLATE
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WHAT INCREASES IN HEIGHT TO BECOME THE NEURAL TUBE?
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NEURAL FOLD
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WHERE DOES THE NEURAL CREST LIE?
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BETWEEN NEURAL TUBE AND SKIN ECTODERM
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WHAT STRUCTURES DOES THE NEURAL CREST DIFFERENTIATE INTO?
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DORSAL ROOTS, SPINAL NERVES, CRANIAL NERVES, ADRENAL MEDULLA, ANS GANGLIA, AND MENINGES
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WHAT PREVENTS RISK OF DEFECTS OF NEURAL TUBE CLOSURE?
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FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION
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THESE ARE LARGE CELLS, SINGLE AXONS WITH ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY THAT ARE POST MITOTIC AND NON DIVIDING
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NEURONS
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THESE ARE SUPPORTING ONLY WITH NO ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY; THEY MAINTAIN THE ABILITY TO MULTIPLY
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GLIAL CELLS
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ASTROCYTES
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ATTACH TO NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS; THEY ARE PART OF THE BASIS FOR THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
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ASO KNOWN AS SPYDER CELLS
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ASTROCYTES
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SUBSTANCES PASS THROUGH THE TIGHT JUNCTIONS IN THE BBB BY THESE TWO PROCESSES
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ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
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THESE GLIAL CELLS WRAP AROUND AXONS; THEY FORM THE MYELIN SHEATH IN THE CNS
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OLIGODENDROCYTES
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GLIAL CELLS THAT PERFORM PHAGOCYTOSIS AS MACROPHAGES WHEN THEY MIGRATE TO INJURED BARIN TISSUE
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MICROGLIA
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AKA GITTER CELLS
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MICROGLIA
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THESE CELLS ARE OFTEN PACKED WITH LIPOID GRANULES FROM PHAGOCYTOSIS OF DAMAGED BRAIN CELLS
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MICROGLIA
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THESE GLIAL CELLS LINE VENTRICLES AND CANAL; THEY MAKE CSF
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EPENDYMAL CELLS
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THESE CELLS WRAP AROUND AXONS IN THE PNS, PROVIDING MYELINATION
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SCHWANN CELLS
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LOBE----BEHAVIOR
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FRONTAL
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LOBE---EMOTIONS
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FRONTAL
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LOBE---PROBLEM SOLVING
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FRONTAL
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LOBE--PERSONALITY
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FRONTAL
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LOBE---REASONING
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FRONTAL
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ANTERIOR PORTION OF BRAIN---MOTOR OR SENSORY
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MOTOR
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POSTERIOR PORTION OF BRAIN----MOTOR OR SENSORY
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SENSORY
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WHERE IS THE PRIMARY MOTOR REGION?
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PRECENTRAL GYRUS
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LOBE----LANGUAGE
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TEMPORAL
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LOBE---HEARING
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TEMPORAL
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LOBE--SHORT TERM MEMORY
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TEMPORAL
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LOBE---OLFACTION
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TEMPORAL
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LOBE----TOUCH
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PARIETAL
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LOBE THAT IS THE PRIMARY SENSORY REGION
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PARIETAL
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WHAT DO LESIONS IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY REGION OF PARIETAL LOBE CAUSE?
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SENSORY DEFICITS OF ASTEREOGNOSIS, HEMISPATIAL NEGLECT, INABILITY TO COPY FIGURES
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LOBE----VISUAL PROCESSING
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OCCIPITAL
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LOBE---SHAPE AND COLOR IDENTIFICATION
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OCCIPITAL
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THE ONLY CONNECTION B/W THE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE BRAIN
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
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SYMPTOMS THAT ARE LOCALIZABLE TO CEREBRAL FUNCTIONS
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APHASIA, APRAXIA, NEGLECT/EXTINCTION, FRONTAL LOBE DYSFUNCTION, AFFECT
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APHASIA
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INABILITY TO SPEAK
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WHAT HEMISPHERE IS GENERALLY INVOLVED IN APHASIA?
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DOMINANT HEMISPHERE INVOLVEMENT (USUALLY LEFT BECAUSE MOST RIGHT AND LEFT HANDED PEOPLE ARE LEFT BRAIN DOMINANT)
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DESCRIBE MOTOR/EXPRESSIVE APHASIA
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FRONTAL LOBE/DOING (BROCA'S)
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DESCRIBE SENSORY/RECEPTIVE APHASIA
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TEMPORAL LOBE/SENSING (WERNICKE'S)
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THE LOSS OF ABILITY TO CARRY OUT LEARNED PURPOSEFUL MOVEMENTS DESPITE HAVING THE DESIRE AND PHYSICAL ABILITY TO PERFORM THE MOVEMENTS
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APRAXIA
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HEMISPHERE USUALLY INVOLVED IN APRAXIA
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THE NON DOMINANT (USUALLY THE RIGHT)
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THIS IS A FOCAL DISTURBANCE OF SENSORY INTEGRATION THAT IS ESSENTIALLY THE INABILITY TO PERCEIVE A STIMULUS DESPITE INTACT SENSORY PATHWAYS
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NEGLECT
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ASTEROGNOSIS AND AGRAPHESTHESIA ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT?
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NEGLECT
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HEMISPHERE AND LOBE INVOLVED IN NEGLECT
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NON DOMINANT HEMISPHERE, PARIETAL LOBE
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TWO SUBCORTICAL CENTERS
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BASAL GANGLIA (CAUDATE, PUTAMEN, GLOBUS PALLIDUS) AND DIENCEPHALON (THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS)
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THIS SUBCORTICAL CENTER COORDINATES MOTOR ACTIVITY
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BASAL GANGLIA
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INPUT TO THE BASAL GANGLIA IS FROM WHERE?
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THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, THE THALAMUS, AND THE SUBSTANTIAL NIGRA
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WHAT DO LESIONS IN THE BASAL GANGLIA CAUSE?
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MOVEMENT DISORDERS, TREMORS, AND OTHER EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYNDROMES (PARKINSON'S, ESSENTIAL TREMOR, HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE)
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IN PARKINSON'S, ESSENTIAL TREMOR, AND HUNTNGTON'S, WHERE ARE THE LESIONS?
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BASAL GANGLIA
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CONDITION WHERE LOSS OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA THAT NORMALLY PROJECT TO THE STRIATUM; ASSOCIATED W/ RIGIDITY, BRADYKINESIA, TREMOR, AND LOSS OF POSTURAL REFLEXES
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PARKINSONISM
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WHAT IS HEMIBALLISMUS (HEMICHOREA)?
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ASSOCIATED WITH DAMAGE TO THE CONTRALATERAL SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS OF LUYS
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WHAT IS HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA?
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A HERDITARY DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY PROGRESSIVE DEMENTIA AND CHOREA; ASSOCIATED WITH ATROPHY OF THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS
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THIS PART OF THE DIENCEPHALON RELAYS ALMOST ALL SENSORY INPUT TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX--INCLUDING CRUDE PERCEPTION OF TOUCH, PRESSURE, PAIN, AND TEMP
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THALAMUS
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IMPORTANT MEMORY PATHWAYS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PART OF THE DIENCEPHALON
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THALAMUS
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CONTROLS PITUITARY FUNCTIONS
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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WHAT CONNECTS HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY?
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INFUNDIBULUM
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THIS PART OF BRAIN PLAYS AN INTEGRAL ROLE IN BODY TEMP, SLEEP, APPETITE, AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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CONTROLS BLOOD GLUCOSE, HR, AND RESP IN RESPONSE TO STRESS, CONTROLS THERMOREGULATION, HUNGER PERCEPTIONS, THIRST, CONTROL OF ELECTROLYTE AND WATER BALANCE, AND THE SLEEP WAKE CYCLE
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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WHAT HORMONES ARE PRODUCED IN HYPOTHALAMUS?
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OXYTOCIN AND ADH
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WHAT DO LESIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AFFECT?
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APPETITE, THIRST, TEMP CONTROL, AND NUMEROUS OTHER AUTONOMIC/ENDOCRINE INFLUENCED BEHAVIORS
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EPITHALAMUS
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PINEAL GLAND---REGULATORY FUNCTIONS---ASSOCIATED W/ SECRETION OF MELATONIN, SEROTONIN, AND NOREPINEPHRINE
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WHAT ARE SEIZURES ARISING FROM THE AMYGDALA FELT AS?
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FEAR
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LIMBIC CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN WHAT?
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EMOTION AND MEMORY
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AMYGDALA, CINGULATE GYRUS, MIDBRAIN RAPHAE, LOCUS CERULEUS, AND HIPPOCAMPUS ARE PART OF WHAT
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LIMBIC CORTEX
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WHAT ARE AMYGDALA?
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NUCLEI DEEP IN THE TEMP LOBE
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PRIMARY ROLE OF AMYGDALA
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ROLE IN THE MEMORY OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES; CENTRAL ROLE ALSO IN BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO FEAR
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AN ENLARGED AMYGDALA MAY BE FOUND IN THIS CONDITION
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AUTISM
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WHAT LOBE DOES THE SEPTOHOPPOCAMPAL AREA CONNECT CLOSELY TO?
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TEMPORAL LOBE
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WHAT DOES SEPTOHIPPOCAMPAL AREA DO?
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INTEGRATES INCOMING NOVEL AN UNPLEASANT STIMULI
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BLOOD SUPPLY TO CEREBELLUM SUPPLIED BY
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SCA, AICA, PICA
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THIS PART OF THE BRAIN OCCUPIES THE POSTERIOR FOSSA
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CEREBELLUM
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FUNCTION OF CEREBELLUM
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CONTROLS BODY MOVEMENT, COORDINATION, AND SENSORY PERCEPTION
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LESIONS IN THE CEREBELLUM CAUSE...
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NO PARALYSIS, FEEDBACK DISORDERS- EQUILIBRIUM, POSTURE, MOTOR LEARNING
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CONSIDERED OVERALL "POSTERIOR FOSSA" LOCALIZER
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ATAXIA
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GROSS LACK OF COORDINATION OF MOTOR ACTIVITY
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ATAXIA
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WHAT IS 'THE FUNNEL'?
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IT IS THE WHITE MATTER TRACTS BELOW THE CORTEX GONG TO AND FROM THE CORTEX TO THE BRAINSTEM
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ARE THE NERVE TRACTS IN THE BRAIN STEM MYELINATED OR UNMYELINATED?
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HIGH CONCENTRATION OF MYELINATED NERVE TRACTS
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THREE PARTS OF BRAIN STEM
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MIDBRAIN, PONS, MEDULLA
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WHERE DO THE TRACTS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVEMENT PASS THROUGH THE BRAINSTEM?
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MIDBRAIN
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PYRAMIDAL TRACTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT? EXTRAPYRAMIDAL? (IN THE MIDBRAIN)
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PYRAMIDAL IS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL IS INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS (POSTURE ADJUSTMENTS AND COORDINATION0
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WHERE IS THE RAS AND RESPIRATORY CENTER LOCATED?
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MIDBRAIN
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INDICATIONS FOR CT
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STROKE OR SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TUMOR- W/ OR W/O CONTRAST; TRAUMA--TO LOOK AT HEMORRHAGE OR BONE INJURY; DEMENTIA- DETECT HYDROCEPHALY AND ATROPHY
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PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS ARE NORMALLY SINGLE OR MULTIPLE LESIONS?
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SINGLE W/ SURROUNDING EDEMA
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CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR CT
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INABILITY TO LIE FLAT AND STILL; DYE ALLERGY OR KIDNEY DISEASE (CAN CONSIDER NON CONTRAST)
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NUMBER ONE RISK FACTOR FOR INTERCEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE?
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HYPERTENSION
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CYLINDRICAL MASS OF NERVE TISSUE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE MEDULLA TO THE 1ST OR 2ND LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
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SPINAL CORD
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GRAY MATTER IN SPINAL CORD
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NERVE CELL BODIES
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WHITE MATTER IN SPINAL CORD
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MYELINATED NERVES
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WHERE DOES CAUDA EQUINA START?
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AT L1 AND L2 (LUMBAR AND SACRAL ROOTS)
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VENTRAL HORNS OR ANTERIOR HORNS ARE SENSORY OR MOTOR?
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MOTOR NERVES
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DORSAL HORNS ARE MOTOR OR SENSORY NERVES?
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SENSORY
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SPINAL CORD TRACT FOR VOLUNTARY MOTOR ACTIVITY
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CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
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SPINAL CORD TRACT FOR PAIN AND TEMPERATURE
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SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT
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SPINAL CORD TRACT FOR LIGHT TOUCH AND VIBRATION
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DORSAL COLUMNS
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WHERE DOES THE MOTOR PATHWAY ORIGINATE AND TERMINATE?
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ORIGINATES IN THE CORTEX, DESCENDS IN THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT AND TERMINATES IN THE ANTERIOR HORN
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WHERE DO THE FIBERS IN THE CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAY CROSS?
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IN THE MEDULLA
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PATHWAY RESPONSIBLE FOR VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS AND INTEGRATION OF COMPLICATED MOVEMENTS
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CORTICOSPINAL OR MOTOR PATHWAY
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WHERE DO UPPER MOTOR NEURONS BEGIN?
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IN THE CORTEX AND BRAINSTEM
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WHERE DO UPPER MOTOR NEURONS TRAVEL FROM THE CORTEX AND BRAIN STEM TO?
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TRAVEL DOWN THE SPINE AND SYNAPSE ON THE ANTERIOR HORN CELLS
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WHERE DO LOWER MOTOR NEURONS BEGIN?
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IN THE ANTERIOR HORN
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WHERE DO THE AXONS OF LOWER MOTOR NEURONS TRAVEL?
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DIRECTLY TO THE MUSCLE FIBERS---MESSAGE IS CARRIED ALL THE WAY TO THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
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LESIONS IN THE DORSAL OR SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS PRODUCE WHAT TYPE OF LOSS?
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SENSORY LOSS
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IN WHAT DIRECTION DO DORSAL ROOTS CONVEY SENSORY AXONS?
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AFFERENT TOWARD THE SPINAL CORD
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WHAT CONTAINS THE CELL BODIES OF SENSORY NEURONS?
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DORSAL CELL BODIES
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IN WHAT DIRECTION DO VENTRAL ROOTS CONVERY MOTOR AXONS?
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EFFERENT FROM THE CNS TO THE SKELETAL MUSCLES AND TO SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC, AND GLANDS
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WHERE DO FIBERS IN DORSAL COLUMNS CROSS THE MIDLINE?
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CROSS THE MIDLINE AT THE MEDULLA
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WHY IS LIGHT TOUCH SPARED IN UNILATERAL CORD LESIONS?
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PARTLY REMIANS UNCROSSED UNTIL IT REACHES BRAIN STEM, AND PARTLY CROSSES OVER AT LOWER LEVELS
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ON WHAT SIDE DO SENSORY FIBERS OF THE DORSAL COLUMNS ASCEND?
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ON THE SAME SIDE AS FIBERS ENTER THE CORD ----THEY DON'T CROSS THE MIDLINE UNTIL THEY REACH THE MEDULLA
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WHERE DO SENSORY FIBERS IN THE SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT CROS S THE MIDLINE?
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THEY ENTER AND CROSS THE MIDLINE IMMEDIATELY
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A LESION OF THE SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT RESULTS IN WHAT?
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LOSS OF PAIN AND TEMO SENSATION CONTRALATERALLY BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE LESION
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A LESION OF THE MOTOR PATHWAY CAUSES IPSILATERAL OR CONTRALATERAL SYMPTOMS?
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IPSILATERAL
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A LESION OF THE DORSAL COLUMN CAUSES IPSILATERAL OR CONTRALATERAL SYMPTOMS?
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IPSILATERAL
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A LESION OF THE SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT CAUSES IPSILATERAL OR CONTRALATERAL SYMPTOMS?
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CONTRALATERAL
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WHEN DO YOU SEE BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME?
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IT IS HEMI SECTION OF THE CORD----AFFECTS CORTICOSPINAL ON SAME SIDE AND SPINOTHALAMIC ON OPPOSITE SIDE IN MS
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WHERE DOES ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN COME FROM?
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BILATERAL INTERNAL CAROTID AND BILATERAL VERTEBRAL ARTERIES
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THE MEMBRANES THAT PROTECT THE CNS
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MENINGES
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OUTERMOST LAYER OF MENINGES; TOUGH AND INFELXIBLE
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DURA MATER
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DELICATE INNER LAYER THAT DIRECTLY COVERS THE BRAIN (MENINGE)
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PIA MATER
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ARACHNOID MATER
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LIES ABOVE THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE
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APONEUROSIS
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TOUGH LAYER OF DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE WHICH RUNS FROM THE FRONTALIS MUSCLE ANTERIORLY TO THE OCCIPITALIS POSTERIORLY
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WHEN DOES A SUBDURAL HEMATOME OCCUR?
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WHEN THERE IS AN ABNORMAL COLLECTION OF BLOOD BETWEEN THE DURA AND THE ARACHNOID, USUALLY AS A RESULT OF TORN BRIDGING VEINS SECONDARY TO HEAD TRAUMA
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A COLLECTION OF BLOOD BETWEEN THE DURA AND INNER SURFACE OF THE SKULL; USUALLY DUE TO ARTERIAL BLEEDING
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EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
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WHERE DOES VENOUS FLOW FROM BRAIN GO?
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INTO DURAL SINUSES AND THEN INTO INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN BILATERALLY
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NORMAL ARTERY INVOLVED IN EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
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MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY WHICH LIES OVER THE TEMPLE
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THIS SECRETES THE CLEAR, COLORLESS, FEW CELL, AND LITTLE PROTEIN CSF THAT SURROUNDS THE CNS
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SECRETED BY THE CHOROID PLEXUS AND ABSORBED IN SUBARACHNOID SPACE
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FUNCTIONS OF CSF
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PROTECTS BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD FROM CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INJURY, PROTECTION AND CUSHION; CARRIES 02, GLUCOSE, AND OTHER CHEMICALS
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THIN MEMBRANE THAT SEPARATES THE LATERAL VENTRICLES
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SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
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NARROW CAVITY ALONG THE MIDLINE; MORE CSF IS ADDED BY THE CHOROID PLEXUS IN ITS ROOF
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THIRD VENTRICLE
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WHAT DOES THE ANS REGULATE?
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GLANDS, SMOOTH MUSCLE, AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
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WHERE DO SYMPATHETIC FIBERS EXIT SPINAL CORD?
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T1 TO L2
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SYMPTOMS IN HORNER'S SYNDROME
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PTOSIS, MIOSIS, AND ANHYDROSIS
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WHERE SO PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS EXIT?
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CN III, VII, IX, X, AND S2 TO S4
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MASTER CONTROL FOR ANS
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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CN III PROVIDES PARASYMPATHETIC STIM TO WHAT
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THE IRIS
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CN VII PROVIDES PARASYMPATHETIC STIM TO WHAT?
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LACRIMAL DUCT AND SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS
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CN IX- PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULUS TO WHAT?
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PAROTID GLAND
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CN X- PARASYM. INNERVATION TO WHAT?
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HEART AND GUT
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S2-S4---PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION TO WHAT?
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GUT AND BLADDER
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WHAT DO INTRINSIC CORD LESIONS CAUSE?
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EARLY AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION
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23 Y/O MALE WITH ATAXIA, VISUAL PROBLEMS, AND CONFUSION. WHICH PART OF THE BRAIN IS AFFECTED?
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OCCIPITAL LOBE
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27 Y/0 FEMALE WITH RIGHT SIDED HEMIPARESIS, SENSORIDEFICIT AFFECTING RIGHT SIDE, AND DIFFICULTY WITH WORD RECOGNITION. WHAT ARTERY IS AFFECTED?
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MCA (STROKE OF LEFT SIDE OF BRAIN)
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