Ipapburke Gu Test 1- Anatomy

Front 1

Location of the kidneys in relation to the spine.

Back 1

T-11 to L-3 level

Front 2

Which kidney is lower?

Back 2

the right is approx. 2 cm lower

Front 3

3 layers that surround kidneys

Back 3

renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia

Front 4

Internal composition of kidneys

Back 4

renal cortex, renal columns, renal medulla, renal pyramids, renal papillae, calyces, and renal pelvis

Front 5

What makes up a “renal lobe”?

Back 5

renal pyramid, overlying renal cortex, and 1/2 of each adjacent renal column

Front 6

What is renal parenchyma made of?

Back 6

nephrons

Front 7

Describe nerve supply to the kidneys.

Back 7

vasomotor nerves from sympathetic division of the ANS supply blood vessels and regulate the flow through the kidneys

Front 8

2 parts of a nephron

Back 8

renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule) and renal tubule

Front 9

3 parts of a renal tubule

Back 9

proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal convoluted tubule

Front 10

8 major functions of the kidneys

Back 10

regulation of blood ionic composition, regulation of blood pH, regulation of blood volume, blood pressure regulation, maintains blood osmolarity, produces hormones, regulates blood glucose level, and excretes waste

Front 11

Electrolytes in blood regulated by kidneys.

Back 11

sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate

Front 12

How do kidneys regulate blood pH?

Back 12

excrete hydrogen ions into the urine and conserve bicarbonate ins (buffer of H ions in blood)

Front 13

Hormone responsible for kidneys adjusting blood volume by conserving or eliminating water in the urine

Back 13

ADH or vasopressin

Front 14

Examples of stimuli that cause the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

Back 14

increased plasma oncotic pressure, left atrial distention, exercise, emotional states

Front 15

Does increased renin increase or decrease the BP?

Back 15

increases BP

Front 16

What system helps to regulate the blood pressure?

Back 16

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system

Front 17

What part of the kidney produces the renin enzyme?

Back 17

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 18

What part of the kidney makes aldosterone?

Back 18

adrenal cortex

Front 19

Normal blood osmolality

Back 19

300 milliosmoles per liter

Front 20

Two hormones produced by the kidneys

Back 20

calcitriol (active form of Vit D) and erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production in bone marrow)

Front 21

Function of calcitriol

Back 21

helps regulate phosphate and calcium homeostasis

Front 22

How do the kidneys help regulate blood glucose levels?

Back 22

the kidneys can use glutamine for gluconeogenesis and then release the new glucose into the blood to help maintain normal levels

Front 23

Give examples of wastes secreted in urine that are formed as a result of metabolic processes.

Back 23

ammonia and urea (from the deamination of amino acids), bilirubin (catabolism of hemoglobin), creatinine (breakdown of creatinine phosphate in muscle fibers), and uric acid (f/ catabolism of nucleic acids)

Front 24

Explain glomerular filtration (first step of urine production).

Back 24

water and most of the solutes in the blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule and into the renal tubule

Front 25

Three components of the filtration membrane.

Back 25

glomerular endothelial fenestrations, basal lamina, and slit membrane of filtration silts

Front 26

Function of glomerular endothelial fenestrations.

Back 26

allows all proteins and excludes cells and proteins to pass

Front 27

Function of basal lamina.

Back 27

allows small and medium sized proteins through

Front 28

Function of slit membrane of filtration slits (between pedicles)

Back 28

allows only very small proteins through

Front 29

Three main pressures that glomerular filtration depends on.

Back 29

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP), capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP), and blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Front 30

Does glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure promote or oppose filtration of water and solutes?

Back 30

promotes filtration of water and solutes (55 mm Hg)

Front 31

Does capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) promote or oppose filtration?

Back 31

opposes filtration (30 mm Hg)

Front 32

Does blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) promote or oppose filtration?

Back 32

opposes filtration (30 mm Hg)

Front 33

Normal net filtration pressure

Back 33

10 mm Hg

Front 34

Percentage of filtered fluid that is reabsorbed as it flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct during tubular reabsorption

Back 34

90% of the filtered water and many useful solutes

Front 35

How does the water and solutes reabsorbed in the tubules and collecting ducts return to the blood?

Back 35

through the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

Front 36

What happens during tubular secretion?

Back 36

as fluid flows along the renal tubule and through collecting duct, the tubule and duct secrete wastes, drugs, and excess ions into the fluid

Front 37

Average daily amount of glomerular filtrate in adults

Back 37

150-180 L

Front 38

Percentage of glomerular filtrate that is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

Back 38

99%

Front 39

Normal adult urine volume in a 24 hour period

Back 39

1-2 L

Front 40

What accounts for about 95% of the total volume of urine?

Back 40

water and most of the solutes in the blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule and into the renal tubule

Front 41

What does 5% of the urine consist of (the part that is not water)?

Back 41

electrolytes, solutes from cellular metabolism, and exogenous substances such as drugs

Front 42

Fluid that enters the capsular space is called what?

Back 42

glomerular filtrate