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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are elevated neutrophils (PMN's, polymorphonuclear) generally indicative of?
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elevated PMN's (normal 40-70%) are generally indicative of bacterial or fungal infections
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What are elevated lymphocytes indicative of?
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elevated lymphocytes (normally 20-50%) are generally indicative of viral infections
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What are elevated monocyte levels indicative of?
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elevated monocytes are generally associated with listeria or tuberculosis bacterial infections
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What are basophil elevations indicative of?
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elevated basophils are generally an indicator of an allergic reaction
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What are elevated eosinophils indicative of?
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elevated eosinophils generally are indicative of allergic reactions or parasitic infections
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What are the primary causes of primary SBP?
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in children, primary causes of SBP are Strep. pneumoniae and Group A Streptococcus; in adults, primary causes of SBP are E. coli (40%), Strep. pneumoniae (15%), and Streptococcus spp.(15%); overall, ~70% gram negative and anaerobes highly unusual
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What is the most common cause of strep throat?
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Streptococcus pyrogenes (Group A strep) causes 30% of all strep throat
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What are differences in fever in viral versus bacterial pharyngitis?
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viral pharyngitis is generally low grade fever and has slow onset; bacterial is high grade fever and has a rapid onset of illness
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What are the major characteristics of bacterial strep as distinguished in clinical settings?
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the four determiners for bacterial strep include: the presence of tonsilar exudates, Presence of swollen anterior cervical lymph nodes, History of fever, Lack of cough or other “cold” symptoms
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What is the treatment of choice for bacterial strep throat?
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Pen VK x 10 days is treatment of choice for bacterial strep throat
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What is an alternative to PenVK for treatment of bacterial strep throat?
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if patient were allergic to pen, could use erythromycin or first generation cephalosporin
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What is the difference between primary and secondary prophylaxis?
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primary, person never has had infection or disease before; secondary, person has had condition in past, and you are trying to prevent from getting it again
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What patients are eligible for secondary prophylaxis with strep throat?
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those with a history of rheumatic fever can be prophylaxed secondarily
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What antibiotics are most highly associated with C. diff?
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Clindamycin, cephalosporins, ampicillin, also recent data identify fluoroquinolone use as a prominent risk factor
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What type of disease is C. diff., in the way of virulance factors?
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C. diff is an exotoxin mediated disease having large proteins (toxin A- enterotoxin; toxin B- cytotoxin); some strains also produce binary toxin, which is even worse to have.. BAD
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What are the treatment options for CDI?
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metronidazole 500mg TID 10-14 days and vancomycin 125mg QID 10-14 dayds are treatment options of choice for C. diff (Vancomycin MUST BE given PO!!!)
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What are alternative treatment options for CDI when patients have failed therapy of metronidazole and vancomycin?
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nitazoxanide and rifaximin are possible options for recurrent CDI infections; probiotics may also be recommended (but no evidence based proof)
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What is the treatment for SBP?
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Third generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone);beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor (ampicillin/sulbactam); Fluoroquinolone (avoid in patients receiving previous prophylaxis with these agents); Duration: 5-10 days
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What ABX's are used for primary prevention of SBP in prophylaxis of cirrhotic patients?
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norfloxacin 400 mg BID; ciprofloxacin 500 mg BID; levofloxacin 500 mg QD
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What is treatment for secondary peritonitis with abscess formation?
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gentamicin alone is the treatment for secondary peritonitis with abscess formation
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What is treatment for secondary peritonitis with gram-negative sepsis?
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clindamycin
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