Invitation To Psychology Chp 8 Key Terms

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behavior modification

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the application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior

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extrinsic reinforcers

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reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as money prizes, and praise

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intrinsic reinforcers

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reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of accomplishment

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social-cognitive theories

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theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations and beliefs

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obserbational learning

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a process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another (a model) rather than through direct experience (AKA vicarious conditioning)

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latent learning

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a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement

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learning

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a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience

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behaviorism

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an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the enviornment as a determinant of behavior

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conditioning

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a basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses

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unconditioned stimulus (US)

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the classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning

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unconditioned response (UR)

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the classical-conditioning term for a relexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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the classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned response (CR)

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the classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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classical conditioning

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the process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response

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extinction

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the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

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higher-order conditioning

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in classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus

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stimulus generalization

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after conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; in classsical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR

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stimulus discrimination

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the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR

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counterconditioning

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in classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

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operant conditioning

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the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences

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reinforcement

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the process by which a stimulus or even streghtens or increases the probabliity of the response that it follows

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punishment

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the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probablility of the response that it follows

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primary reinforcer

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a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food

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primary punisher

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a stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock

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secondary punisher

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a stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers

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secondary reinforcer

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a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers

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positive reinforcement

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a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur

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negative reinforcement

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a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleastan stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur

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discriminative stimulus

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a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence

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continuous reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced

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intermittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced

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shaping

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an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced

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successive approximations

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in the operant-conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing simularity or closeness to the desired response