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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe an animal
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Animals are heterotrophic, multicellular Eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
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Describe multicellularity
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Multiple cells engaged in division of labor and can serve different functions (digestion, sensation, secretion) because nutrients are passed from feeding to non-feeding cells
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What are the 3 types of cell junctions (describe function/characteristic of each briefly)
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Tight junctions - maintain cell separation
Desmosomes - Like rivets holding cell together Gap Junctions - Communication pores (like straws between 2 cells) |
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Zygote becomes multicellular by undergoing a process called __________
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Cleavage (mitotic division without cell growth)
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Which is the most toxic: Uric acid, ammonia, or Urea?
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Ammonia
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Phylum at the base of the animal phylogeny (i.e., most primitive animal)
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Porifera
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Type of sponge cell; creates water currents and traps microscopic food particles/gametes; can also be involved in egg and sperm production
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Choanocyte
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A solution with a relatively higher concentration of water than a cell that is immersed in the solution
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Hypotonic
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Fate of blastopore in protostomes
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Becomes the mouth
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A body cavity formed by splitting of the mesoderm
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Blastocoel
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Type of cleavage found in protostomes
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spiral
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A cell junction that maintains cell separation, keeps your extracellular matrix from squirting out
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Tight junctions
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Homeotic genes in animals that contain a homeobox sequence which regulate developmental genes
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Hox genes
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In which era did plants and insect codiversify?
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Cenozoic
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3 important events during the Cambrian Explosion
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1) An increase in atmospheric oxygen causes an increase in metabolic growth rates and the potential for growth
2) Hox genes come into play 3) Predator-prey relationships |
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What were the major events in these eras in terms of animal evolution:
Neoproterozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era |
Neoproterozoic - Fauna and small stuff
Paleozoic - Cambrian Explosion Mesozoic Era - Dinosaurs Cenozoic Era - Mammals, insects, and plants |
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What are the 3 different types of symmetry?
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Radial
Bilateral Lacking |
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What is cephalization?
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The formation of a head ‘region’
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What is the difference in diploblastic and triploblastic organisms?
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Diploblastic - Has endoderm and exoderm
Triploblastic - Has endoderm, exoderm, and mesoderm |
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What good are body cavities?
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They separate, cushion, and protect our internal organs
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What are the 3 types of body cavities? Describe each shortly
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Acoelomate - no cavity - mesoderm fills in everything
Pseudocoelomate - Cavity formed from blastocoel Coelomate - Cavity formed from splitting of mesoderm |
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Difference between Protostomes and Deuterostomes in terms of:
a) Cleavage b) Coelom formation c) Fate of blasopore |
Protostomes:
a) Cleavage - spiral, determinant (type of cell determined early on) b) Coelom formation - schizocoelous (solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom) c) Fate of blasopore - Mouth develops from blastopore Deuterostomes: a) Cleavage - radial and indeterminant b) Coelom formation - enterocoelous (folds of archenterons form coelom) c) Fate of blasopore - Anus develops from blastopore |
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What is a grade? (What’s an example?)
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A convergent functional solution to physical and environmental design constraints.
An example is oxygen diffusion; by having a larger surface area, the diffusion of oxygen becomes easier. |
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What are 4 types of problems that all animals have that have required functional solutions?
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1.Getting oxygen to cells
2.Nourishment 3.Excreting waste 4.Movement |
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What is osmoregulation?
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The regulation of the flow of water into and out of a cell
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Draw the forming of a diploblast (process of Gastrulation), and on the end product label:
endoderm ectoderm blastopore blastocoel archenteron |
*Drawing*
Endoderm - Internal dermal layer Ectoderm - External dermal layer Blastopore - External opening. Becomes mouth (protostomes) or anus (deuterostomes) Blasocoel - gap formed between endoderm and ectoderm Archenteron - Internal pouch formed by inward folding of endoderm. |
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The multicellular embryo differentiates through a process called __________.
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Gastrulation
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How does multicellularity work?
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Cells possess specialized “extracellular matrix” (ECM), which includes proteoglycans (polysaccharisdes) and collagen (structural proteins)
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What are 4 common characteristics for the Bilataria?
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• tube-shaped gut with a mouth and an
anus • mesoderm – triploblastic • Circulatory Systems • Nervous System |
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All Ecdysozoans must periodically shed or molt their external skeleton for growth to occur.
This is a process called __________... |
Ecdysis
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