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94 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Phylum Porifera |
Sponges -mostly marine, some freshwater -sessile -vary in shape color and structure |
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Sponge body stucture |
two layers of cells seperated by mesohyll(gelatinous region) -usually asymmetrical -no organs or true tissues -choanocytes-> line internal water chambers -flagellated -amoebocytes-> wander through the mesohyll using pseudopodia -food uptake, digestion, nutrient delivery -form skeletal fibers |
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sponges feeding |
-suspension feeders-> filter feeders -choanocyte flagella creates a current and mucus traps food particles -particles are phagocytosed and digested by choanocytes and amoebocytes -algal symbionts provide fixed carbon -converts C02 to carbohydrates |
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sponge defense and attack |
-produce toxins -bright colors prove danger -some toxins inhibit growth of competing sponges -regenerative power |
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Phylum Cnidaria |
-jellyfish -radiata -mostly marine, some freshwater -sessile and free swimming |
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Cnidaria body structure |
-sac with gastrovascular cavity -one opening -radially symmetrical -diploblastic |
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polyp |
attached to substrate |
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medusa |
bell shaped, free floated |
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cnidaria structure |
-muscle can be smooth or striated -gastrovascular cavity acts as hydrostatic skeleton -nerve net -no central brain chemo and mechanoreceptors -ocelli (detect light) -statocysts (detect gravity) |
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Cnidaria feeding |
-tentacles around mouth armed with cnidae -cnidae contain threads that discharge and can sting, some entangle prey -captured prey transported to mouth and gastrovascular cavity -undigested remains ejected through mouth |
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hydrozoa |
-ex. portugese man of war, some corals -most alternate polyp and medusa-> both diploid -medusa has sexual reproduction -polyp asexual reproduction |
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scyphozoa |
-marine -ex moonjelly -alternate polyp and medusa -medusa sexual reproduction -polyp asexual reproduction(budding) |
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cubozoa |
-marine -box jellies -highly toxic nematocysts -some have complex eyes |
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anthozoa |
-marine -ex. sea anemones, corals -sessile -no medusa stage -many colonial -provide habitats for invertebrates and fish -both sexual and asexual reproduction |
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lophotrocozoa |
Platyhelminthes -tubellaria, trematoda, cestoda Mollusca -polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda Annelida -oligochaeta, polychaeta, hirudinea |
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platyhelminthes |
-flat worms -triploblastic, protostomate, and acoelomatous -free living and parasitic |
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flat worms |
-no organs for gas exchange and circulation -flattened-> better gas exchange with environment -gastrovascular cavity-> 1 opening -osmoregulatory structures to maintain osmotic balance |
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turbellaria |
-most marine -predators and scavengers -ciliated -cephalization-> have a brain -ocelli -auricles -mechano and chemoreception -ability to learn |
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turbellaria feeding |
Predators and scavengers
-mouth at tip of pharynx -pharynx extends into food, gastric juices are released, digestion of food begins externally -pharynx sucks up food particles into gastrovascular cavity -egestion through mouth |
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tubellaria reproduction |
asexual by transverse fission and regeneration -sexual between hermaphroditic individuals -a special pore recieves the sperm; exchange is reciprocal |
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trematoda |
Parasites -complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages -often have intermediate host -attach to host with two suckers |
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cestoidea |
-endoparasites -built to produce eggs and sperm, not much else -intermediary host: larval forms develop, may reproduce asexually -in definite host: adults develop, reproduce sexually -no digestive system-> absorb food predigested by host |
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Mollusca |
-very large and diverse phylum -coelomatous and unsegmented |
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Mollusc body plan |
-muscular foot-> usually for movement -visceral mass-> contains internal organs, gill and anus open into mantle cavity -mantle-> secretes shell, drapes over and protects visceral mass -radula-> tooth scraping tool |
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polyplacophora |
-marine -oval shape-> eight overlapping dorsal plates -reduced head -large foot -radula scrapes algae off rock |
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gastropoda |
-snails, slugs -only molluscs to be on land -grazers or predators -most have single shell -distinct head, eyes at tips of tentacles |
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bivalvia |
-marine and freshwater -clams, mussels, scallops, oysters -sedentary -shells flattened, divided into two halves, hinge at mid dorsal line -reduced head; lack radula -paired gills collect O2 and food particles -suspension feeders -mantle forms siphons |
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cephalopoda |
-octopus, squid -marine -head surrounded by grasping tentacles, usually with suckers -shell-> external, reduced and internal(squid, cuttlefish), absent(octopus) -predators -nervous system-> well developed, complex brain and sense organs ***only molluscs with closed circulatory system |
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cephalopoda movement |
-jet propulsion -rapid, directed movement |
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Annelida |
-segmented worms -coelom partitioned by septa -organ systems repeated in each segment: digestive, circulatory, nervous and excretory systems |
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oligochaeta |
-earthworms -deposit feeders-> ingest soil, extract nutrients and leave behind castings -improve soil structure and aeration |
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oligochaeta locomotion |
-alternating contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles |
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oligochaeta reproduction |
hermaphroditic-> mutual exchange of gametes -embryos develop in cocoon -asexual reproduction by fragmentation |
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polychaeta |
marine -sedentary vs errant -each segment has pair of parapodia -dioecious-> separate sexes |
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hirudinea |
-leeches -mostly freshwater -parasites, predators and scavengers -parasites -body flattened -reduced coelom and segmentation -chaetae absent -suckers at anterior and posterior end |
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ecdysozoans |
arthropoda nematoda |
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nematoda |
-roundworms -nonsegmented pseudocoelmates -free living and parasitic -aquatic, wet soil, tissues of plants and animals |
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roundworm characteristics |
-cylindrical bodies -covered by exoskeleton shed by ecdysis -complete digestive tract -no circulatory system -all longitudinal muscles-> thrashing |
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free living nematodes |
-live in moist soil or decomposing organic matter |
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parasitic nematodes |
-important agricultural pests that invade plant roots -some have animal hosts -hookworm -dog heartworm |
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caenorhabditis elegans |
-best understood animal -model organism for developmental genetics -complete lineages from zygote to adult -genome sequenced |
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arthropoda |
-ex. millipedes, beetles, spiders "jointed feet" -most successful -in all habitats in biosphere |
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arthropoda subphylums |
cheliceriformes myriapoda hexapoda crustacea |
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arthropoda features |
-segmentation -exoskeleton -jointed appendages -cephalization -open circulation -gas exchange strategies |
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metamerism |
serial repetition of parts along the length of the body axis in bilaterally symmetrical animals |
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tagmosis/tagmatization |
segments differ in form and function -division of labour -diversification |
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arthropod exoskeleton |
-made of chitin and protein -thin, flexible at joints -low permeability to water-> enabled colonization of terrestrial environments -functions: -protection -muscle anchorage -structural support -prevents dessication -requires ecdysis to grow -energetically costly -temporary vulnerability |
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arthropod jointed appendages |
variable in number -formed by thin exoskeleton -functions: -locomotion -feeding -sensory reception -copulation -defense |
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arthropod cephalization |
-sense organs -photoreceptors: eyes -chemoreceptors: smell and taste -mechanoreceptors -nervous system -dorsal anterior brain |
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gas exchange strategies |
aquatic species: gills with feathery extensions terrestrial species: specialized internal surfaces |
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subphylum cheliceriformes |
horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites -6 pairs of appendages -mostly terrestrial or marine -chelicerae: claw-like feeding appendages -no antennae -arachnida-> spiders, scorpions |
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subphylum myriapoda |
-terrestrial -two tagmata-> head and trunk -head: one pair of antennae, mandibles -trunk-> uniramous(unbranched) appendages -diplopoda: millipedes -herbivorous -2 pairs of walking legs per segment -chilopoda: centipedes -carnivorous -one pair of walking legs per segment |
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subphylum hexapoda |
-insecta -antenna -3 pairs of walking legs -2 pairs of wings -terrestrial -mouthparts for chewing, sucking or lapping -metamorphosis |
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insect development in wingless |
-direct development -no metamorphosis-> ametabolous |
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insect development in winged |
-indirect development -metamorphosis present -hemimetabolous-> incomplete(crickets) -holometabolous-> complete (butterflies/moths) |
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subphylum crustacea |
-ex. crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp -two or three tagmata -two pairs of antennae -chewing mouthparts including mandible -biramous appendages -3 or more pairs of legs -mostly marine |
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phylum echinodermata |
"spiny skin" -ex. sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers -eucoelmate deuterostomes -secondary radial symmetry -bilateral larva, radial adult -endoskeleton -water vascular system -tube feet for locomotion, feeding, gas exchange |
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Echinodermata subphylums |
-asteroidea (sea stars) -ophiuroidea (brittle stars) -echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars) -crinoidea (sea lillies, feather stars) -holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) |
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asteroidea |
sea stars -five arms or more -tube feet coordinate for movement -some can sever arm to escape predators |
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asteroidea feeding |
-smaller prey digested whole -larger prey -star will grip prey and everts its stomach, inserts stomach between shells of prey and excretes digestive juices |
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asteroidea reproduction |
-regeneration-> some can grow entire body from one arm -sexual reproduction-> separate sexes -release gametes into water |
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sea urchins |
-rocky substrates -moves by spines and tube feet -scrape algae from rocks |
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sand dollars |
-locomotion-> spines only -deposit feeders: tube feet |
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holothuroidea |
-shape: no arms, elongation along oral-aboral axis -feeding: suspension or depost feeding -has internal madreporite-> valve to balance pressure inside of animal |
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brittle star |
-distinct central disc and long flexible arms -suspension feeders, predators and scavengers |
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feather star |
-suspension feeder -mouth directed upward |
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phylum chordata-> shared features |
1. notochord 2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal slits 4. muscular, postnatal tail |
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notochord |
-skeletal structure located between digestive tube and nerve cord -elastic rod-flexes laterally -composed of large, fluid filled cells encased in stiff fibrous tissue -in most vertebrates -present in embryo only -only remnants in adults |
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dorsal hollow nerve cord |
-develops from echtoderm -develops into brain and spinal cord |
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pharyngeal slits |
-slits or holes in pharynx -allow water entered through mouth to exit without passing through digestive tract -suspension feeding devices -modified for gas exchange, jaw support, hearing |
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muscular postanal tail |
-contains skeletal elements and muscles -provide propulsive force |
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subphylum cephalochordata |
lancelets -blade shaped -rare -larva are planktonic and feeing -adults can swim but burrow in sand -swimming: coordinated contraction of serial muscle blocks -pharyngeal slits for filter feeding -gas exchange across external body surface |
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subphylum urochordata |
tunicates -marine -solitary or colonial -planktonic larvae -sessile adults -larvae are short lived, non feeding -function in dispersal: can sense light and gravity; settle and attach in dark spot -once adult, most chordate characteristics dissapear |
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tunicate adults |
-barely resemble chordate -no notochord, dorsal nerve cord, or tail -pharyngeal slits involved in filter feeding -filtered water and wastes exit through excurrent siphon -covered by tunic-> cellulose-like carbohydrate and protein |
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myxini |
hagfish -jawless -marine -bottom scavengers -lack bone -lack scales and paired fins -possess slime glands |
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petromyzontida |
lampreys -jawless -marine and freshwater -suspension feeders as larva -adults are parasitic -lack bone -lack scales and paired fins |
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gnastosomes |
-fishes and tetrapods jaw-mouths -jaws may have evolved from two pairs of skeletal rods that support anterior pharyngeal slits -endoskeleton -mineralized bones and teeth -two pairs of appendages (fins, legs arms) -duplication of genome -enlarged forebrain |
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fish |
gnastosomes -earliest recognizable vertebrates -jaws-> exploitation of food supply -paired fins-> accurate maneuvering |
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chondrichthyes
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-sharks and rays -cartilaginous fishes -jaws and acute senses-> advantage for hunting -predators and suspension feeders -marine and freshwater -endoskeleton: cartilage -strengthened by minerals -lack bones through secondary loss -nourishing the young |
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oviparous |
egg hatches outside mother, embryo nourished by egg nutrients |
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ovoviparous |
-egg hatches inside uterus, embryo nourished by egg nutrients |
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viviparous |
-young born live -embryo nourished via placenta |
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bony fishes |
actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) -marine and freshwater -bass, trout, tuna, herring, perch actinistia(lobe-finned fish) -marine dipnoi(lungfish) -have lungs and gills -freshwater |
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tetrapods |
amphibians -eggs are shell-less-> dehydrate quickly -must be laid in wet/moist place -need moist skin for gas exchange |
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class amphibia |
salamanders, frogs and toads, |
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amniotes |
-eggs have shell that retains water and can be laid in dry place -birds eggs are calcareous, hard inflexible -reptile eggs leathery and flexible -amnion: protection -allantiois: waste disposal -chorion: gas exchange -yolk sac: covers yolk |
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reptilia |
-young born in shelled eggs or live -dry skin |
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birds |
endothermy -insulation feathers and fat -four-chambered heart -unidirectional ventilation of lungs |
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birds adaptations for flight |
-wings and feathers -light skull -beak, no teeth -tail with small number of vertebrae -large flight muscles -sternum with a keel for the attachment of flight muscles -acute vision -large brains --complex behaviour |
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class mammalia |
-hair -mammary glands -endothermy -teeth with specialized functions -improved hearing |
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three groups of mammals |
monotremata: egg laying mammals marsupialia: mammals with pouches eutheria: placental mammals |
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order monotremata |
-have hair and produce milk -lay eggs, no nipples-> baby sucks milk from fur of mother ex. duck-billed platypus |
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order marsupialia |
-young nourished in utero by placenta -born early and complete development in a pouch ex kangaroos, koalas |
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order eutherian |
placenta more complex than marupials -long lasting association between mother and young **all other orders of animals |
