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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe fast twitch muscles.
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Used for swimming and rapid movement, white in color and very soft. The contraction cannot be held long making organism vulnerable but fast moving
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Describe slow twitch muscles.
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Used in slow contractions and can hold contraction longer (like keeping closed.) Off-white in color and hard and chewy.
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How does the penetration anchor work?
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Relax adductor muscle, probe foot into sand, inflate, contract pedal muscle and pull shell into sand.
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What is the water flow path through a mollusc?
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Incurrent siphon, infrabranchial cavity, ostia, super branchial cavity, excurrent siphon
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How are fillabranchs and eulamellabranchs different?
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Fillabranchs can be separated like velcrow, Eulamellabranchs are fused.
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What do frontal cilia do?
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Transport particles over gills
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What do lateral cilia do?
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Pumps water into the ostia
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What do latero frontal cirri do?
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Filters the particles
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Why is the stomach so different in molluscs?
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It passes through the heart.
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What is the flow of water and particles over the gills of a mollusc?
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Lateral - Latero frontal - Frontal
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What are the three possible larval stages of the mollusc
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Trochophore, Veliger, and Glochidium. Sometimes the veliger and trochophore stage is lost.
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What is the reproductive advantage of the glochidium?
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They can encyst in fill gills, allowing them to travel upstream to other areas to grow.
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What are the differences between Lamellibranchia and Septibranchia?
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Lamellibranchia - Filibranch, Pseudolamellibranch or Eulamellibranch Ctenidia and
suspension feeders. Gills are for Ventilation, Gas Exchange, and Feeding Septibranchia - No Ctenidia and feed with muscular septum, stomach walls are heavily chitinized and used for grinding and crushing. INhabit deep seas |
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What is a Captacula and what class is it found in?
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Schaphopoda - tentacles with adhesive bulbs at the tip
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What is unique about the schaphapoda ?
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It's mantle fused together to protect siphons, has two openings and used cilia to create a current to bring in food.
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What is the morphological axis of a Cephalopod?
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Ventral foot and head
Dorsal visceral mass |
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What is the functional axis of a Cephalopod
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Anterior foot and head
Posterior viscreal hump |
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What are the shell features of a cephalopod?
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It is lost or reduced to be used for buoyancy
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What is the purpose of the gills in cephalopods?
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Gas exchange only. There is an auxillary heart to pump blood.
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What is a spermatophore?
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A "sperm package"
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What is the Needham's sac?
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The female cavity which the spermatophore is located to by males.
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What is the hectocotylus?
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The male cephalopod's modified arm with grooves and suckers to transfer spermatophores to the Needham's sac
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What are the three subclasses in Cephalopoda?
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Nautiloidea, Ammonidea, and Coleoidea
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What is the purpose of the gills in cephalopods?
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Gas exchange only. There is an auxillary heart to pump blood.
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What is a spermatophore?
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A "sperm package"
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What is the Needham's sac?
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The female cavity which the spermatophore is located to by males.
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What is the hectocotylus?
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The male cephalopod's modified arm with grooves and suckers to transfer spermatophores to the Needham's sac
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What are the three subclasses in Cephalopoda?
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Nautiloidea, Ammonidea, and Coleoidea
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What is the difference in eye composition for Nautiloidea and Coleoidea?
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Nautiloidea - Pinhole camera eye
Coleoidea - Typical camera eye |
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What Nautiloidea part secretes N2 gas into the septa?
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Siphuncles
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Describe the circulatory system of the Coleoidea.
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Has a systematic heart: 1 ventricle and 2 auricles
Has an anterior and posterior vena cava and aorta. has Branchial hearts for maximized gas exchange |
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How do the muscles of a chromatophore work?
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Like a drawstring purse:
Contract - open chromatophore Relax - close chromatophore |
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What are photophores?
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Luminescent cells or symbiotic bacteria that are used for counter illumination, to attract a mate, and/or feed.
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Veriform means what?
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Worm-like
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What is metamerism and what is it composed of?
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Repititious organs and tissue systems with similar function. Fluid filled components with ganglia and metanephridia. Capeable of independent function. Considered to be true coelomates and are considered to be hydrostatic skeletons.
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a. What muscles make annelids skinny and long?
b. Short and fat? |
a. Circular
b. Longitudinal |
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What what type of locomotion do annelids have?
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Peristaltic and retrograde. The more segments the more thrust/force
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What is the biggest group of the Annelids?
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Polychaeta - 60%
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Are there parapodia on the peristomium?
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NO! The first 2 segments are fused.
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What are the two parapodium lobes?
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Notopodium - Dorsal and Neuropodium - Ventral.
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How to cirrus function?
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They are sensory parts that detect water flow in annelids.
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What are the 2 subclasses of Polycaeta?
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Errantia and Sedentary
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What are acicula?
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Modified setae for support as an internal skeleton.
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What is the difference between subclass Errantia and Sedentaria?
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Errantia: Use parapodia as levers. Elytra for gas exchange (flesh protrustions)
Sedentaria: Spend entire lives in burrows or in rigid tubes. Parapodia reduced, modified, or absent. All are deposit or suspension feeders. Contain radioles. |
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What gives the spaghetti worm red gills?
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Hemoglobin - increases oxygen
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What gives the blue crab/horse shoe crab blue blood?
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Hemocyanin
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What polychaeta has a commensal crab or shrimp?
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Parchment tube worm
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What is the important feature of the parchment tube worm?
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Most modified parapodia - "wings." Used to produce and manipulate mucus bags.
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What is epitoky and list the parts.
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Morphological transformation in preparation for reproductive activity at sexual maturity. Epitoke is pelagic atokes are nonpelagic.
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Which Annelid is mostly terrestrial?
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Oligochaeta
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Which Annelid is mostly marine?
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Polychaeta
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Which Annelid is mostly FW?
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Hirudinea
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Do polychaeta have a veliger?
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NO! No shell!
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What is the clitellum?
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Found in oligochaeta and hirudinea - sexual reproductive segments combined for one function. Used to make a cacoon in Oligochaeta and only prominant in Hirudinea at sexual reproduction.
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What annelids have parapodia?
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Polychaeta. Oligochaeta use some setae and Hirundunea lack both.
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What do typhlosole do in oligocheata?
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Increase surface area in the gut. Possibly the evolution of deposit feeding.
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How are the longitudinal muscles in oligochaeta different from polychaeta?
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They are in pouches
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How many hearts are in a worm?
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1-5
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How is a Hirudinea's body structure different from an oligochaeta?
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Hirudinea is dorso ventrally flattened, oligochaeta is not and oligochaeta is compartamental
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Do leeches have teeth?
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NO! A muscular proboscis without teeth or serrated jaws and specialized glands
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What is hirudin and where is it found?
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Anticoagulant in leeches that causes blood to flow freely from the host to the leech
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Explain leech locomotion.
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Attach posterior sucker, Contract the circular muscles of the body wall, Attach anterior sucker, Detach posterior sucker, Relax circular muscles, contract longitudinal muscles
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Do annelids have closed or open circulatory systems?
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Closed
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What do the pharyngeal glands do?
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Secrete local anesthetic to the host for feeding and causes vasodilatation of the host’s capillaries
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What is the most important phylum and why?
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Arthropoda - 75% all species. Possibly shared ancestors with the annelids
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What features do Arthropods share with Annelids?
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Segmentation or metamerism, appendages on segments, similar nervous system of a dorsal brain anterior to the gut and a ventral chain of segmented ganglia, and segments grouped into tagmata.
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What is the tagmata for Chelicerates?
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Prosoma and Opisthosoma
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What is the tagmata for insects?
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Head, thorax, abdomen
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What is the tagmata for myriapods?
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Head and trunk
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Do arthropods have an open or closed circulatory system?
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Open.
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What are the three regions of a basic arthropod?
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Stomoderm (ecto), midgut (endo), and proctoderm (ecto).
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What is the purpose of an exoskeleton?
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Covers body, appendages, and lines the fore/hindgut and prevents chemicals and water getting in. It's also a precursor for flight.
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What is the exoskeleton made of?
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Chitin (flexibility,) protein, calcium carbonate (strength,) lipids, waxes and pigments.
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What is Apodeme?
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internal folds in the exoskeleton/epidermis. It add strength, serves as
insertion points for muscles and prevents desiccation |
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What is sclerotization?
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Conversion of arthropodin and resilin to sclerotin.
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What is calcification?
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The deposit of calcium carbonate into the exoskeleton.
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What are arthropodin and resilin?
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Flexible proteins that form the bulk of the cuticle.
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What 2 layers make up the exoskeleton?
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Epicuticle and Procuticle
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What 2 layers make up the procuticle?
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Exocuticle and endocuticle.
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What are Sclerites?
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Cuticular plates joined by cuticle containing only epicuticle and endocuticle. Similar to a knight's armor.
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What is the top and bottom plate of an arthropod?
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Tergum (top) and Sternum (bottom.)
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What is a podomere?
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Arthropod leg segment joined by an articular membrane.
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What 2 subphylum split the arthropods and why?
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Chelicerata and Mandibulata - mouth part differences
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What classes makes up the Chelicerata?
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Merostomata, Arachnida, Pycnogonida
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What classes make up the Mandibulata?
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Myriapoda, Insecta, Crustacea
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What are the tagmata for Chilcerata?
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Anterior prosoma/cephalothorax and Posterior opisthosoma/abdomen
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What is the distinction of the prosoma in Chilcerates not found in other arthropods?
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Lacks mandibles and antennae.
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What are Chelicerae?
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Clawed appendages located on 1st prosomal segment
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What are Pedipalps?
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Located on the 2nd prosomal segment and used for for food capture, defense, and/or reproduction.
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What are Merostomata?
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Horse shoes crabs, class of Chelicerata
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How many eyes does a horseshoe crab have?
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10! Medial eye pair, compound eyesand at the telson and mouth.
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What are the spines on a horseshoe crab?
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Modified appendages on the opisthosoma.
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What is the name of the larval horseshoe crab?
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Trilobite.
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Are trilobites negatively or positively phototactic?
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POSITIVE!
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What is the biggest class of Chelicerates?
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Arachnida - 99%
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How is the tagmata different in arachnids?
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They're fused together and difficult to see and a pedicel unites the prosoma and opisthosoma.
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How is the pedicel important?
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Unites the prosoma and opisthosoma and increases abdomen’s range of movement (web spinning.) Not found in ticks or mites.
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What is the difference between spinnerets and silk glands.
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Spinnerets are three pairs of modified appendages where silk is extruded. Silk glands (7 or more) each make a different type of silk.
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What is the properties of silk?
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Starts out as a liquid protein and is hardened by the pulling action of the spider
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How is a spider's vision?
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Only detects changes in light intensity and motion, but not actual pictures. Rely more on tactile and chemical cues.
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What are book lungs?
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Invaginations of the ventral opisthosomal surface and open to the exterior through the spiracles. Found in arachnids.
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How are Pycnogonida different from Arachnida?
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Males care for the eggs, lack specialized respiratory or excretory system, digestive system and gonads extend into the legs, most of the body is prosoma and the legs are extremely long.
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What are Ovigers?
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Legs in Pycnogonida that are used for cleaning/grooming and for carrying eggs after fertilization.
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What signifies Mandibulata?
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Appendages on the third head segment are modified as mandibles.
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Why are Myriapoda found in moist terrestrial habitats?
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Cuticle lacks the waxy water-proof layer, cannot close spiracles leading to tracheae, and they loose water during defecation
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How is the head region of Diplopoda different from Chilopoda?
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Myriapoda has a rounded head with smaller antennae and highly calcified cuticle for burrowing. Chilopoda have 2 pairs of maxillae and maxillipeds that contain poison glands and resemble fangs.
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What are the adaptations for Chilopoda locomotion?
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Longer legs and more frequent strides, legs get longer posteriorly, body undulates slightly during rapid movement, and most legs are off the ground when moving fast.
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What class contains the orders Diplopoda and Chilopoda?
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Myriapoda
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Are Diplopoda negatively or positively phototactic?
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NEGATIVE!
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What are diplosegments?
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Fused embryonic segments in Diplopoda that have two pairs of ganglia, two pairs of heart ostia, and two pairs of spiracles.
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The 1st Maxillae in diplopoda are fused to form what?
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Gnathochilarium.
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What gives a millipede more force when walking?
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The amount of legs on the substrate. More legs = more force.
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What is the most dominant invertebrate group?
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Insecta: ¾ of all animal species; ½ of all organisms
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What separates the major taxa of insects?
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Wings: Presence or absence of wings. Whether wings develop externally or internally in the immature forms, and the degree of metamorphosis by the immature stages on their way to becoming adults
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What are the 2 subclasses of Insecta?
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Apterygota: Do not have wings
Pterygota: Insects with wings and those that have lost them secondarily |
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What are the divisions of Pterygota?
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Exopterygota: Wings develop externally. Incomplete metamorphosis.
Endopterygota: Wings develop internally. Complete metamorphosis. |
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What are the 3 types of metamorphosis?
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Ametamorphic
Incomplete Metamorphosis/ Hemimetabolous development Complete Metamorphosis/ Holometabolous Development |
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What is Complete Metamorphosis/Holometabolous Development?
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Larvae lack compound eyes but have mandibulate mouthparts and usually use different resources and food than the adult.
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What is Incomplete Metamorphosis/
Hemimetabolous development? |
Instars resemble adults but lack functional wings and are sexually immature
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What is Ametamorphic?
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Immature instars resemble the adults morphologically and functionally, no metamorphosis.
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Malpighian tubules in the insects/myriapoda are used for _ ?
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Excretion
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What are the tagmata in insects?
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head, thorax and abdomen
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What type of eyes to millipedes and centipedes have?
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Ocelli
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What does the Gnathochilarium do?
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protects the mouth parts and resembles a scoop.
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What kind of movement do millipedes have?
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Retrograde.
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What branched system in insecta is used for gas exchange?
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The tracheal system.
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How does roach powder work?
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Small glass particles cut the chitinoprotein cuticle which allows water to escape the cuticle.and the bug dries out.
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What is the thorax composed of in insects?
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Prothorax, Mesothorax, and Metathorax
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What purpose to sclerites serve?
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Support structures for legs and wings
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What are lateral outgrowths of the integument in insects?
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Wings!
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Moths have what kind of wing?
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Lateral and flexed
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Butterflies have what kind of wings?
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Vertical
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What muscle runs from sterna to base of each wing and depresses them?
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Direct
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What muscle extend from the sternum to tergum and raises the wing?
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Indirect!
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