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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acoelomate
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without a coelom
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Archenteron
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The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula
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Asymmetry
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lack of symmetry
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Bilateral Symmetry
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left right symmetry
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Binomen
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two part name Generic Name and Specific Epithet
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Biological Nomenclature
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Hierarchical System
Binomen- two part name |
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Blastocoel
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fluid-filled cavity found in the interior of a blastula
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Body Cavity
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coelom
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Cephalization
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the tendency in the evolution of animal life for sensory organs, the nervous system, etc. to become centralized in or near the head
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Coelom
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body cavity
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Coelomate/Eucoelomate
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containing a coelom
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Comparative Biology
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Descriptions of organisms (similarities and differences)
Evolution and history of organisms in time Distributional history of organisms in space |
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Mesoderm
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middle skin
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Deuterostomes
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coelom forms through evagination of the archenteron into the blastocoel of the embryo
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Diploblastic
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Ectoderm (ecto= G: outer; derm = G: skin)
Endoderm (endo=G: inner) Includes: Cnidaria and Ctenophora |
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Ectoderm
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outer skin
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Endoderm
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inner skin
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Enterocoely
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coelom forms through evagination of the archenteron into the blastocoel of the embryo
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Evolutionary Biology
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concerned with the origin of species from a common descent
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Germ Layer
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Groups of cells that give rise to distinctly different tissue and/or organ systems
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Metazoa
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multicelled, diploid organisms that develop from a blastula
Over 1 million species (20-50 million more unnamed/undiscovered) Those with vertebrae – < 5% and makeup a single subphylum of the Phylum Chordata Those without backbones- >95% and over 30 Phyla |
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Protostome
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coelom formation occurs by gradual enlargement of a split in the mesoderm
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Protozoa
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unicellular or acellular
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Pseudocoelomate
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has a pseudocoel
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Radial Cleavage
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in 8 cell unit cells are aligned
Deuterostomes |
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Radially Symmetic
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no left or right
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Schizocoely
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coelom formation occurs by gradual enlargement of a split in the mesoderm
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Spiral Cleavage
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in 8 cell unit cells are not aligned
Protostomes |
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Systema Naturae
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Taxonomic Framework
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Triploblastic
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three germ layers
ecto endo and meso |
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Archaeocytes
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Responsible for digestion
Give rise to eggs and sperm Assist in eliminating wastes Secrete support structures in the mesohyl |
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Asconoid
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simplest sponge
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Atrium
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large opening of aquiferous system
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Calcite
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Spicules of calcium carbonate
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Carrier Cell
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Once spern are captured by collar cells they transform into carrier cells and migrate through mesohyl to oocyte
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Choanocyte Chamber
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inner chambers of a sponge
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Choanocytes
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Groups of choanocytes form spermatic cysts
Oocytes produced by transformed choanocytes or archeocytes Collar Cells Form Choanoderm |
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Choanoderm
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inner layer of a sponge
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Class Calcarea
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Spicules of calcium carbonate (calcite)
All body types are represented All marine Most are small – less than 10 cm high Includes Grantia and Leucosolenia |
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Class Demospongiae
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90-95% of all existing sponge species
Possess silica spicules or spongin, or both. Never calcareous Includes most freshwater sponges Family Spongillidae Includes the boring sponges Family Clionidae Includes commercial sponges Family Spongiidae |
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Class Hexactinellidae
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Glass sponges
Skeleton composed of six sided spicules |
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Collar
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traps food particles
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Collar Cells
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Generate currents that help maintain water flow
Capture small food particles Capture sperm for fertilization |
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Endocytosis
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engulfing of some fluid to capture what is in it
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Euplectella
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Venus’s flower basket
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Flagellum
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create current
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Funnel Cells
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collar cells/choanocytes
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Gemmules
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Spherical mass of archeocytes surrounded by spongin or spicules
Mainly found in freshwater sponges Resistant to desiccation and freezing |
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Grantia
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in the Class Calcarea
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Hippospongia
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commercial sponges
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Incurrent and Excurrent Canal
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incoming goes through the incurrent canal and exiting water leaves through the excurrent canal
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Leuconoid
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most complex sponge type
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Leucosolenia
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in the class calcarea
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Mesohyl
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middle layer with motile cells and skeletal material
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Microvilli
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form the collar of collar cells
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Osculum
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water exits the sponge through the oscula
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Ostia
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water enters the sponge through ostia
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Parazoan Grade
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metazoan but no germ layering
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Pinacocytes
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form the outer layer (pinacoderm)
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Pinacoderm
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outer layer of a sponge
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Porocytes
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tubular cell with a pore canal or ostium
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Sclerocytes
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Spicules secreted by Sclerocytes
(calcareous or siliceous) |
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Spermatic Cysts
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Groups of choanocytes form spermatic cysts
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Spicules
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calcareous or siliceous
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Spongia
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commercial sponges
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Spongicola
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Commensal Shrimp of glass sponges
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Spongin
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collagenous protein secreted by spongocytes
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Spongocoel
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also known as atrium
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Spongocytes
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Spongin secreted by Spongocytes (collagenous protein)
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Syconoid
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not as complex as leuconoid but more complex than asconoid
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Totipotent Cells
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Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism
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Transfer choanocyte
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carrier cell
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"Alternation of Generations"
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Two gametes (originating from different organisms of the same species or from the same organism) combine to produce a zygote
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Aboral Surface
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Exumbrella
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Acraspedote
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has no velum = acraspedote
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Actinula Larvae
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free-swimming and resembles a polyp without a stalk
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Ahermatypic
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Ahermatypic corals do not contain zooxanthellae
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Amebocytes
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a mobile cell (moving like an amoeba) in the body of invertebrates
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Athecate
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Hydroids without hyrotheca –but with perisarc
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Aurelia
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Moon Jellies
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Chironex
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box jelly genus
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Chiropsalmus
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box jelly genus
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Cnidae
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stinging or adhesive structures
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Cnidocil
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a tiny bristle that projects from the stinging cell of a jellyfish, hydra, or other cnidarian. When stimulated, it triggers the discharge of a coiled stinging thread.
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Cnidocyte
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Specialized food-capturing cells
mature cnidoblast stinging cells |
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Coelenteron
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An inner gut sac (coelenteron) lined with gastrodermis
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Coenenchyme
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The mesagloea surrounding and uniting the polyps in compound anthozoans. Also known as coenosarc.
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Coenosarc
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The mesagloea surrounding and uniting the polyps in compound anthozoans.
Living tissue under the perisarc |
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Colloblast
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used to capture prey
On contact, vesicles containing a gluey substance rupture, and they stick to the prey. |
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Collocytes
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Adhesive cells
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Column
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the column of a polyp
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Epidermis
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ectoderm outer skin
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Craspedote
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posses a velum
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Ctenes
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combs used for locomotion
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Cydippid
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free swimming Ctenophora larvae
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Dactylozooids
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Defensive polyps
Contain cnidocytes and adhesive cells Usually close to gastrozoids – help with prey capture |
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Diploblastic
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two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
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Epitheliomuscular Cells
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Contraction:
Shortens along the oral-aboral axis |
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Exocytosis
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Nematocyst Discharge
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Ephyra
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swimming larvae of the Scyphozoan
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Exumbrella
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aboral surface
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Gastric filaments
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filaments inside the gastric pouch
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Gastric Pouches
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stomach
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Gastrodermis
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endoderm
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Gastrovascular Cavity
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functions in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body
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Gastrozooid
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feeding polyp
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Glandular Cells
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cells which excrete some substance in the body
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Gonangium
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Reproductive polyps (zooids) that produce medusoids
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Gonophore
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Reproductive polyps (zooids) that produce medusoids
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Gonozooids
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Reproductive polyps (zooids) that produce medusoids
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Gorgonin
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a complex protein that makes up the horny skeleton of the holaxonia suborder of gorgonians.
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Hermatypic
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are corals that contain and depend upon zooxanthellae (algae) for nutrients.
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Hydra
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a genus of simple fresh-water animals possessing radial symmetry.
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Hydranth
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oral end w/tentacles of Hydroids
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Hydrocaulus
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stalk of a hydroid
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Hydrorhiza
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root-like anchor of hydroid colonies
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Hydrotheca
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Perisarc covering the hydranth
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Hypostome
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tip of the mouth
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Interradial Canals
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Any of the radially arranged gastrovascular canals in certain jellyfishes and ctenophores.
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Manubrium
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hypostome or tip of the mouth
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Medusa
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Occur in all classes except Anthozoa
Far less diverse in form than polyps Mostly pelagic, some sessile Most are quadriradial or tetramerous |
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Mesenteries
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divide gastrovascular cavity
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Mesoglea
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Derived from the ectoderm
Not True Germ Layer Never produces complex organs |
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Mouth
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single opening in the radiates
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Nectophore
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swimming members which lack a manubrium. Used for locomotion in some species (not Physalia)
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Nematocysts
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Are formed by cells called cnidoblasts
Develop from cells in the epidermis Cnidocyte: mature cnidoblast Used for prey capture, defense, locomotion and attachment |
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Nerve Net
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nervous system
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Nonseptate
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gonads are horseshoe shaped and are located on the outer margins of the stomach
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Nutritive-muscular cells
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Contraction:
Causes elongation along the oral-aboral axis |
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Obelia
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genus of Class Hydrozoa
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Ocelli
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Photoreceptor cells
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Octamerous
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having parts in eights
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Operculum
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lid of a nematocyst
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Oral Arms
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The oral arms (of which there are usually four) are located around the mouth and hold the stinging cells, or cnidocysts, which are used to inject potential prey (or potential predators) with venom.
Scyphozoans (True Jellies) |
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Oral Disc
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Biradially symmetrical
Radial muscles are used to open the mouth |
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Oral Surface
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Subumbrella of medusa
(side with mouth) (aboral surface opposite side of mouth) |
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Pedal Disc
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Basal Disc
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Perisarc
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Chitinous cuticle secreted by the epidermis
Found is most marine species |
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Peristome
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area around mouth
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Perradial Canals
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one of four branched ciliated canals that originates directly from the stomach of scyphozoan medusae and moves partially digested food materials from the ring canal to the stomach
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Pharynx
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Mouth →tubular pharynx → gastrovascular cavity
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Rhopalium
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concentration of neurons (diagnostic)
Contains statocysts, two sensory pits and an ocellus |
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Physalia
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Polypoid:
Gastrozooids Dactylozooids Gonozooids Pneumatophore: gas sac, float into which gas is secreted Contains carbon monoxide May be medusa? Medusoid: Nectophores: swimming members which lack a manubrium. Used for locomotion in some species (not Physalia) Gonophores: Gonad-bearing/reproductive medusa Man O War |
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Pinule
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frilly edge of a pinnate tentacle
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Planula Larvae
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Radiates typically have a planula larvae (ciliated and motile)
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Pneumatophore
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gas sac, float into which gas is secreted
Contains carbon monoxide May be medusa? |
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Polyp
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Occurs in all 4 Classes
Tubular with An outer epidermis An inner gut sac (coelenteron) lined with gastrodermis Layer of jelly-like mesoglea “Blind Sac” Arrangement Coelenteron is saclike Single opening serves as mouth and anus |
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Ptychocysts
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a type of cnida used in tube construction by tube anemones (Ceriantharia). Tube anemones build a tube almost entirely from the everted tubules of the ptychocysts
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Quadriradial
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fours
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Radial Canals
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any of the canals extending through the substance of the umbrella from the gastric cavity to the marginal circular canal in jellyfish
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Ring Canal
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the part of the distributive portion of the digestive system of scyphozoan medusae that is located in the margin of the bell. The ring canal communicates with the radial and adradial canals
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Scleroseptum
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one of many radiating calcareous partitions in the skeletal cup (corallite) of stony corals
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Scyphistoma
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planula larvae transforms into a scyphistoma polyp
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Septate
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gastrovascular cavities have a gonad located on each side of the septa
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Siphonoglyph
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a groove in the pharynx of some cnidarians that is lined with cilia which pump water into the animal's gastrovascular cavity.This water current inflates the body, circulates fluids, and provides a volume of water to act as a hydrostatic skeleton
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Solenia
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tubes connecting the gastrovascular cavities
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Spirocysts
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A type of cnidae defined by a thin, single walled capsule containing a long, spirally coiled, unarmed tubule of uniform diameter.
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Stalk
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Hydrocaulus
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Statocysts
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Equilibrium organs
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Statolith
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gravitational sensor
has the ball inside that rolls when the organism tilts telling it to tilt back |
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Stolon
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connects hydroids
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Strobila
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Typically small, inconspicuous and trumpet shaped releases ephyra
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Strobilation
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In Scyphozoan reproduction Scyphisoma undergoes strobilation resulting in a stobila
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Stylet
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part of a nematocyst that punctures or attaches to prey
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Subumbrella
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oral surface of a medusae
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Symbiodinium
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Commonly referred to as zooxanthellae, is a marine microalga commonly found in symbiotic association with a cnidarian host including reef-building corals.
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Tetramerous
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Having or consisting of four similar parts
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Theca
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Each polyp secretes a cup-shaped skeleton, the theca, around itself.
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Thecate
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Hydroids with a hydrotheca surrounding the polyp
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Thread
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used to fire nematocysts
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Tubularia
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genus of hydroids
appear to have furry tufts at the end of long strings |
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Velella
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genus of free-floating Hydrozoans that lives on the surface of the open ocean, worldwide, and is commonly known by the names by-the-wind sailor, purple sail, little sail, or simply Velella.
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Velum
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Helps with jet propulsion
Makes the opening water is forced out smaller creating a strong flow of water Hydrozoan medusae |
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Zooid
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polyp
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Zooxanthellae
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Dinoflagellate Symbiodinium
Present in the Gastrodermal Cells Contribute to Coral Nutrition Facilitate Calcium Deposition Aid in the Removal of Metabolic Wastes |
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phyllozooid
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medusae in a colony of cnidaria that serves as a protective bract
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