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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylum Porifera |
(Latin: Pore bearing) Microvillar collars surround flagella, w/ units arising from either single cells or syncytia |
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What % of Phylum Porifera is marine? |
98% |
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What % of Phylum Porifera is freshwater? |
2% |
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Parazoans |
Multi-cellular with poorly defined tissues layers |
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Spongocoel |
The empty space of that leads directly to the osculum |
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Osculum |
The opening that allows the water to exist the sponge |
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Choanocytes |
Flagellated cells that lines the inside of sponges, they are responsible creating a current and extracting desired food particles or genetic materials that may be present in the water. |
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Collar cells |
Another name for Choanocytes |
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Mesohyl |
The middle layer that is gelatinous, nonliving layer of material |
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Archaeocytes |
Amoeboid cells that wander throughout the mesophyl. They can differentiate into all other cell types, are responsible for digestion of the food particle captured by the choanocytes, produce spicule, produces gametes, and eliminate waste. |
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Spicules |
The support element randomly placed throughout the mesophyl. May also aid in predator deterrence. Maybe calcareous or siliceous |
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Spongin |
Supportive element that is composed of fibers similar to collagenous proteins. |
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Sclerocytes |
Specialized archaeocytes that secrete spicules |
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Spongocytes |
Specialized archaeocytes that secrete spongin |
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Gemmules |
A dormant structure prevalent in freshwater sp. This structure is consist of well nourished archaeocytes surrounded by hard protective covering |
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Vernalization |
The spending of several months at low temps. before the gemmules gain the ability to hatch. |
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Why do gemmules form? |
To allow the sponge to with stand harsh environmental conditions. |
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Pinacocytes |
The outer, epithelial-like layer of the sponge, which is composed of flattened contractile cells |
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Pinacoderm |
The layer covering the outside of the sponge composed of pinacocytes |
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Basal lamina |
Epithelial cells rest on a collagenous sheet of extracellular matrix that they secrete. |
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Basement membrane |
Basal Lamina |
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Ostia |
Opening along the outside of the sponges body that allows water to flow into the sponge |
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Class Calcarea |
Member bear spicules composed only of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). All body plains are found in this class. As well as the only known living Asconoid body plain. |
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Asconoid Sponge |
The simplest body plain. The choanocytes line the spongocoel. So the water flows form outside into the spongocoel then out central osculum |
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Syconoid Sponge |
The Choanocytes line the inside of a Choanocyte (Flagellated) Chamber. Water travels through the ostia, then the Choanocyte chamber, then through the Apopyles into the spongocoel, then out a central osculum |
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Lueconoid Sponge |
The most complex body plain. Similar to the plain of syconoid, but water must pass through a series of choanocyte chambers before existing through one of many different osculum |
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Class Demospongiae |
Contains at least 80% of all Sponge sp.. Nearly all lueconoid. Supporting structures can be composed of Spongin and/or Silica, chitin. All freshwater sp. are form this class. |
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Class Hexactinellida |
Sponges whose bodies are supported entirely by interconnected 6-rayed spicules of silica and Chitin. The glass sponges. Live in soft sediment. They are Lueconoid or Syconoid. Lack a pinacoderm layer due to the syncytial |
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Subphylum Cellularia |
Distinct Choanocytes. Includes Classes Calcarae and Demospongia |
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Subphylum Symplasa |
Epithelial layer and choanocytes are syncytial. Includes class Hexactinellida |
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Which sponge class silica fibers have light guiding properties superior to those found in commercially produced fiber optic cables? |
Class Hexactinellida |
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Hermaphroditic |
A single individual that can produce both types of gametes |
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Family Spongiidae |
A member of class Demospongia. The commercial sponges. Supported only by spongin and range from polar to tropical |
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Family Spongillidae |
-Member of Class Demospongia -300 Sp. -Contains most freshwater sponges -Have contractile vacuoles |
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Family Cladorhizidae |
-Member of Class Demospongia -No ostia or Oscula -Deep water: up to 9000m -Carnivores --Feed using filaments to trap prey |
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Family Clionidae |
-Member of Class Demospongia -Boring sponges -Burrow in shells and coral -Etching chemicals |
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Phylum Placozoa |
Multicellular, amorphous, mobile flagellated animals lacking a body cavity, digestive system, and nervous system and composed of 2 layer of epithelial cells. Planktonic and/or Benthic. Flagella-thousands on ventral and dorsal sides. Middle Fibrous layer. Marine, shallow water. |
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What does member of the phylum placozoa feed on and how do they do it? |
-Algae, protozoans, and Detritus. -Secrete enzymes from glandular cells on ventral side followed by extracellular digestion |
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How do members of the phylum Placozoa reproduce? |
-Asexually --Fragmentation, budding, and Binary fission -Sexually --Details unknown |
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Phylum Placozoa is completely monotypic so what is the Sp.? |
Trichoplax Adhaerens |
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Encrusting sponge |
Can kill adjacent stony corals and then overgrow them. Ex. Chondrilla (Caribbean Chicken liver sponge) |
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What can be a limiting factor for sponges form a ecology stand point? |
Silica concentration in substrate. Food |
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Sponges can account for _____ % of benthic bio-production. |
40 |
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What do sponges mostly feed on? |
Algae and Bacteria |
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How do sponges reproduce? |
-Asexual --Fragmentation, and Gemmule formation -Sexual --Gamete production ---Produced by archeocytes or choanocytes |
