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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three traditional groups of arthropods?
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Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Mandibulata.
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What is tagmatization?
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Th fusing or combining of several somites into functional groups for specialized purposes.
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What is the exoskeleton made of in an arthropod?
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non-living secreted cuticle made up of protein, chitin, lipid, and minerals like calcium carbonate.
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Describe the circulatory system in arthropods.
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Composed of hemocoel. Open circulatory system. Highly reduced coelem.
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Describe the muscular system of arthropods and how it differs from annelids.
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Instead of longitudinal and latitudinal muscles, arthropods have muscle bands that attach at certain sites inside the exoskeleton.
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What are some different organs in which respiration occurs in arthropods?
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gills, tracheae, and book lungs.
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What types of tubules are used for excretion for terrestrial arthropods?
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malpighian tubules.
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What glands are involved in excretion in arthropods that are analogous to the nephridia in annelids?
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coxal, antennal, and maxillary.
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What does the nervous system of arthropods consist of?
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dorsal brain, ventral pair of solid nerve chords, and some segmental ganglia.
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What are some features that annelids and arthopods share?
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metamerism, segmented muscles, typical protostome nervous system.
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What is metamerism?
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Having segments that are similar in structure although they may not provide the same purpose.
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Describe the difference between the epidermis of arthropods and annelids.
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The arthopods have a thick cuticle and thinner epidermal layer whereas the annelids have a thin cuticle and thick underlying epidermal layer. They have different underlying musculature beneath their epidermis as well.
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Describe the exoskeleton of the arthopod.
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Consists of chitin, insoluble in water and very tough. Very strong but soft and thin in places to allow movement. Protects against dehydration.
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Describe the respiratory mechanisms developed in arthropods.
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gills in acquatic forms. tracheal systems in terrestrial forms that deliver oxygen directly.
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What provides for the rapid movement of many arthropods?
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the metabolic efficiency of the tracheal systems of terrestrial arthropods in combination with large, striated muscles.
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Describe some of the advanced sensory organs of the arthropods.
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compound eyes, chemoreceptors, sensory bristles on legs and antennae.
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What types of environments did trilobites inhabit?
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Aquatic
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What is the most primitive arthopod group?
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trilobites
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Describe the trilobite body
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head, thorax with segments, and pygidium. biramous appendages for walking and gills. Compound eyes.
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What is a pygidium?
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fused caudal plate.
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Describe the body of Chelicerata.
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Divided into two distinct regions, prosoma and opisthosoma.
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What is a prosoma?
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Cephalothorax in Chelicerata.
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What is the opisthosoma?
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The abdomen in Chelicerata.
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Describe the walking appendages of chelicerata.
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Chelicerae, pedipalps, and four pair of walking legs. They lack antennae and mandibles.
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What are chelicerae?
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Mouthparts adapted for sucking specific to chelicerata.
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How is respiration accomplished in chelicerata?
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Book gills, book lungs, or tracheae.
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Describe the sensory organs of the chelicerates.
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Have simple eyes that occur in pairs.
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What is the terrestrial lifestyle of Chelicerates?
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Free-living to parasitic.
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How can these ancient chelicerates be distinguished from other arthropods?
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Lack of both antennae and mandibles. They also have chelicerae and pedipalps.
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Name some examples of chelicerates.
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Horseshoe crab, spider, whip scorpion, scorpion, harvestman, tick.
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What are the three classes of chelicerata?
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Merostomata (Horseshoe crabs), pycnogonida (Sea spiders), and Arachnida (5 major orders)
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What are five orders of arachnida?
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Scorpiones (Scorpions), Araneae (Spiders), Acari (mites and ticks), Opiliones (harvestman) and Uropygi (Whip Scorpions)
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What is the Class, order, and genus for the horshoe crab?
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Merostomata, Xiphosura, Limulus polyphemus.
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Describe the body of the limulus.
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Cephalothorax is broad and shield-like. Abdomen is trapezoidal. Book gills are used for respiration. Gnathobases are covered in spiny processes used in macerating food.
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What are gnathobases?
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"Gnath"-jaw, they aid in macerating food, but they are thoracinc legs of the horseshoe crab "Limulus"
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Describe the eyes of the Limulus.
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Located in the cephalothorax, the horeseshoe crab has a pair of lateral compound eyes and a pair of medial, simple eyes.
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Describe the ancestry of Xiphosura.
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This is an extremely old group of arthopods whose living representitives have changed very little over millions of years. Eurypterids are extincts.
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What feeding appendages to pycnogonids have that are homologous to chelicerae and what are they used for?
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They have chelifores and they are used for feeding.
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Describe the body of the arachnida.
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Prosoma and opisthosoma. The prosoma has six pairs of appendages, including the chelicerae, the pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs.
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Describe the arachnid sense organs.
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Senseory hairs, sensory bristles, and simple eyes.
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How is respiration accomplished in arachnids?
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via book lungs or tracheae.
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How do arachnids survive terrestrially?
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They are terrestrial predators.
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What does it mean that arachnids are dioecious?
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They have separate sex organs, and the sexes are very different in size.
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What order are scorpions in?
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Order Scorpiones.
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What order are whip scorpions in?
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Order Uropygi.
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What are several important adaptations of spiders?
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Web building, use of poison in food acquisition and defense, and varied means of food capture.
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Describe the body of the Aranea order.
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prosoma and the opisthosoma. Both regions are rounded and show little evidence of external segmentation. joined by pedicel.
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What is the pedicel?
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A thin waist that connects the prosoma and the opisthosoma.
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Describe the chelicerae of Aranea.
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The chelicerae consist of a basal segment attached tot he prosoma and a terminal, claw-like fang used to inject venom into prey.
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Describe the pedipals of Aranea.
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Short and leg-like. In males, the ends are modified as copulatory organs to transfer sperm into the female.
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Describe the feature unique to the Aranea order.
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Paired spinnerets the extrude silk used in web construction.
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What is the common name for the organism in the Order Acari?
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Mites and Ticks.
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What are the three classes of Mandibulata?
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Insecta, Myriapoda, and Crustacea.
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What are eight orders of the class insecta?
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Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), Hemiptera (true bugs), Homoptera (Aphids, cicadas, and more), Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets)
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What are 2 orders of Myriapoda?
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Chilopoda (cenipedes), and Diplopoda (Millipedes)
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What are 4 sublclasses of crustacea?
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Malacostraca, including Isopoda, amphipida, and decapida, Banchipoda (Brine and fairy shrimps, water fleas), Copepoda (copepods), and Cirripedia (barnacles).
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Describe the basic body structure of the class Insecta.
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Body consists of three parts: head, thorax anc abdomen and bears antennae, mandibles, maxillae, and walking legs.
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What is included in the insect mouthparts?
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mandibles, pair of maxillae, and a labium. Modified form segmental appednages. Specialized for a variety of feeding modes.
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Describe the thorax of Insecta.
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Thorax that consists of three secments, each of which bears one pair of elgs.
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Describe the abdomen in insects.
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Comprise of eleven or fewer somites, terminal somites are modified genitalia.
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How does gas exchange occur in insects?
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tracheae or gills n aquatic larvae.
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What are Maplpighian tubules used for?
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Excretion, and they arise in the hindgut.
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Describe the sensory organs in the class insecta.
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Compound eyes, tactile hairs, chemoreceptors, sound receptors like tympanum in grasshoppers.
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Where are insects found?
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Abundant and ecologically significant in virtually all terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Few species are marine.
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What do the more primitive insects lack?
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Wings.
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Odonata
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Dragonflies and damselflies
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Orthoptera
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Crickets,grasshoppers
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Hemiptera
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True bugs
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Coleoptera
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beetles
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Diptera
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True flies
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Lepidoptera
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butterflies and moths
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Hymenoptera
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bees, wasps, ants.
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Describe the body shape of the class Chilopoda.
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Bodies are divided into a head and trunk. Head bears one pair of antennae and single pair of mandibles. Body is segmented, with one pair of legs per trunk somite. first pair of trunk appendages is modified into hook-like claws with poison ducts opening at the tips.
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What type of gas exchange system do chilopoda use and do they feed?
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They use a tracheal system, similar to that of insects and they are active predators of small invertebrates.
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Describe the body shape of the diplopoda.
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Two distinct body regions: head and trunk with one pair of antennae and one pair of mandibles. First body segment lacks legs, segments 2-4 one pair of legs per segment, other segments are diplosegments.
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What type of gas exchange system do diplopoda have and what do they feed on?
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They use tracheae for gas exchange and they live in moist, terrestrial environments so they feed on detritus material.
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Describe the five fused somites of crustacean head.
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antennules, antennae, mandubles, first maxillae, second maxillae.
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Describe the body of most crustaceans
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Dorsal carapagce covering most of the thorax and often part of the abdomen. Most appendages are serially homologous, and primitively biramous. Usually specialized for specific functions.
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What does it mean to be primitively biramous?
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two-branched.
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How does gas exchange occur in most crustaceans?
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by gills, as most crustaceans are aquatic.
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How does excretion occur in crustaceans?
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by antennal or maxillary glands, which are homologous to nephridia.
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Where are crustaceans located?
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Marine or fresh water. Several groups of iospods are the most successful terrestrial crustaceans.
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Describe the difference in body plans in the primitive and more advanced crustaceans.
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Primitive have cephalothorax and abdomen. the more advanced have three tagmata, head thorax and abdomen with the head consisting of five fused segments.
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What can serve as a diagnostic feature of crustaceans?
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two pairs of antennae.
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What is the exopodite?
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The outer branch of the biramous crustacean trunk.
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What is the endopodite?
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the inner branch of the biramous crustacean trunk.
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What is the protopodite?
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Where the exopodite and the endopodite articulate at the trunk.
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Describe nauplius larva.
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Characteristic first larval stage of crustaceans. Bears three paris of appendages, precursors for antennules, antennae, and mandibles. Have an eyespot and are free-swimming for better dispersal.
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What is a malacostracan?
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"higher crustacean"
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What order do crayfish belong to?
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Decapoda.
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What are the three orders of Branchiopoda?
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Anostraca (fairy and brine shrimp), Notostraca (tadpole shrimp), and Cladocera (cladocerans, Daphnia, Leptodora)
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What are phyllopods?
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Leaf-like appendages in banchiopods that are used in locomotion, respiration, and filter-feeding.
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Where are branchiopods usually found?
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freshwater lakes, ponds, and ephemeral pools. Very few marine species.
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What types of environments do anostracans survive in?
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habitats inhospitable to most other animals (salt laeks, temporary pools that dry up)
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How to Anostracans survive?
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Fast growth and prolific reproduction. Drough-resistant eggs remain in sediments to hatch in subsequen years when water returns.
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What does the term anostraca mean?
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Without a shell--they lack a carapace covering the head and thorax.
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Why are anostracans vulnerable to predators?
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lack a carapace covering the head, they are slow-swimmers, and they swim ventral side up, feeding on algae.
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What is the main difference between anostracans and notostracans?
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Anostracans swim ventran side up, and notostracans feed dorsal side up. Also, a shield-shaped carapace covers the head and much of the trunk.
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Describe the carapace in Daphnia.
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Extends from, but doesn't cover the head. Also forms a brood pouch which carries the eggs until hatching as miniature adults.
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How do cladocerans swim?
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They use the large second antennae for swimming.
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Describe the body of Copepoda.
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Teardrop-shaped with conspicuous antennae and a single, simple eye. Paedomorphosus.
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Where are Copepoda found?
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Planktonic group found in both freshwater and marine habitats.
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What do Copepods eat?
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They are major hervivores on phytoplankton.
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What organisms are in the class cirripedia?
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Barnacles
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Where are Cirripedia found?
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attached to any hard substrate in marine habitats including rocks, mollusck shells, boats, and other organisms.
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Describe the body of Cirripedia.
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Calcarous plates and thoracic appendages called cirri. These are adapted for filtering food particles out of water. They are hermaphroditic.
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What is a cirri?
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Thoracic appendages of barnacles adapted for filtering food particles out of the water.
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What is the difference between amphipids and isopods?
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Amphipods are laterally compressed whereas isopids are dorso-ventrally compressed.
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What type of organisms are amphipods?
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beach hoppers, side-swimmers, and freshwater and marine scuds.
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Describe the body of amphipods.
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lack a carapace, laterally compressed with curved bodies that are deeper than wide.
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What type of organisms are isopods?
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sow bugss and pill bugs, and several other marine and freshwater species.
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Describe the body of isopods.
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Lack a carapace, dorso-ventrally compressed, pseudotracheae air sacs that aid in terrestrial life.
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What is the tergum?
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The dorsal portion of an arthropod segment other than the head.
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What is the difference between the exoskeleton of the insects and the crustaceans?
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The crustaceans have a pigmented section for scleratization and a calcified section.
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What is scleratization?
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tanning of the hide for strength.
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What is an instar?
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A growth stage before molting.
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What is ecdysis and what is the hormone that causes it?
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Molting, ecdysone
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