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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ALARA
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As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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Cardinal Rules of Radiation Therapy
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Time
Distance Shielding |
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Primary source of scatter radiation
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Patient
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N.A.V.E.L.
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Nerve
Artery Vien Empty Lymphatic space |
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4 steps to the point of entry
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Numb
Nick Spread Stick |
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4 steps for access
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Needle in
Wire in/Needle out Sheath in/Introducer out Catheter in/Wire out |
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12 Properties of X-Radiation
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-Penetrating, invisible forms of electromagnetic radiation
-Electrically neutral, not affected by electrical or magnetic fields -Can produce a variety of energies and wavelengths -Release very small amounts of heat -Travel in straight lines -Travel at the speed of light -Can ionize matter -Causes fluorescence of certain crystals -Cannot be focused by a lens -Affect photographic film -Produce chemical and biological changes in matter through ionization and excitation -Produces secondary and scatter radiation |
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3 conditions required to produce x-ray
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-Source of electrons
-Acceleration of electrons (to half the speed of light) -Sudden stopping of electrons |
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Brem's Radiation
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Electron changes direction and releases energy in the form of an x-ray photon
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Characteristic Radiation
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Incident electron knocks inner shell electron out of orbit and an outer shell electron moves forward to fill it's place, the energy released from the gap filling is x-ray photons
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Interactions of X-ray and Matter
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Total absorption
Partial absorption No interaction |
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Total absorption
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Photoelectric absorption
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Partial absorption
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Compton scatter
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No interaction
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Straight shot to image receptor
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Photoelectric Absorption
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PE Effect
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Compton Scatter
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Largest contributor of occupational scatter
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3 images produced by selective absorption
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Aerial image or Remnant beam
Latent image Manifested image |
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Which vessel has the lowest O2 saturation?
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The Coronary sinus at 50%
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What is the number of interactions that produce x-rays?
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2
Brems and Characteristic |
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What reduces exposure?
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Doubling distance
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Divergence of the beam
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Inverse Square Law
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Decreasing the distance by half
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Increases the dose by a factor of 4
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