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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phonetics
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The inventory and structure of sounds of speech, aka phones. Split into ACOUSTIC phonetics (concerned with the sound wave) and ARTICULATORY phonetics (concerned with speech mechanics)
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IPA
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A way to represent phones and their variations using segments, features, and diacritics.
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segment vs. feature vs. diacritic
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Segment = [m]
Feature = [ŋ] rather than [n] Diacritic = [~] |
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the sound-producing passageway
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Air goes through the larynx, home of the glottis/vocal folds; nest, the pharynx, then the oral cavity, then the nasal cavity
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sound class: vowel
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Usually voiced, sonorous, usually nucleus of syllable.
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sound class: consonant
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Voiced or voiceless. Some or total obstruction of airway. Less sonorous.
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sound class: glide
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Properties of vowels and consonants. Said like vowel, used where consonants are also used. Ex: "see you"
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labials (8)
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Sounds made involving the lips. Includes interlabials, labiodentals, and the labiovelar [w].
[p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [w] |
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alveolars (7)
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Sounds made with the tongue near/on alveolar ridge.
[t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r] |
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alveopalatals (4)
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Sounds made with the tongue between the AR and palate.
[ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ] |
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palatals (1)
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Sounds made with the tongue touching the palate.
(just [j] in English) |
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velars (4)
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Sounds made with the tongue near/touching the velum. [w] has the velum as its primary PoA, lips as secondary.
[k], [g], [ŋ], [w] |
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dentals, uvulars, pharyngeals
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These don't exist in English speech but do exist in Russian, French, and Arabic, respectively.
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glottals (2)
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Responsible for the stops [h] and [ʔ] in English.
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nasal stops (3)
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Made by lowering the velum. They are stops, but unlike glottal stops, they are sonorous. All are voiced.
[m], [n], [ŋ] |
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non-nasal stops (7)
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Made with compete closure of oral cavity/glottis.
Voiced: [p], [t], [k], [ʔ] Voiceless: [b], [d], [g] |
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fricatives
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Made with continuous airflow through mouth (continuant).
Voiceless: [f], [θ], [s], [ʃ], [h] Voiced: [v], [ð], [z], [ʒ] |
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affricates
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Non-continuous consonants made with a slow release of the closure in the airway, rather than fast.
[tʃ], [dʒ] |
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stridents/sibilants
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(they're the same thing) A type of fricative that's sonorous. All except the "th"s.
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aspirated consonants
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Marked by a tiny h. Happens when a voiced vowel occurs after a voiceless consonant. Ex: pill, but not bill or pure.
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unreleased stops
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Voiceless stops at the end of a word -- the stop isn't released. Ex: cap, pot, back. Marked by a L thing around the end top corner.
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liquids
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l, r, and their variants. All alveolar. Grouped together because they pattern together. Includes retroflex r and flap.
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laterals
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Varieties of l. Usually voiced, unless marked with a dot underneath, ex: please.
Another variety is dark l, ex: fall. It is velarized |
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syllabic liquids/nasals
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Some sonorous liquids/nasals can function as the nuclei of syllables. Marked by a dash underneath (,). Ex: bird, button
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glides
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[j] (yod) and [w]. The tongue moves during the sound.
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simple vowels
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No noticeable change in quality during articulation
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diphthongs
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Noticeable change in quality during articulation. Can be major or minor.
Major: [aj], [aw], [ɔj] Minor: [ej], [ow] |
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tense vowels
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Longer vowels; vocal tract constricts.
[a], [i], [u], diphthongs |
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lax vowels
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Shorter, less constricted. Do not end words except for schwa.
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suprasegmental properties
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Properties of phones that don't change, no matter placement. They are PITCH, LOUDNESS, AND LENGTH.
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pitch
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Includes both tone and intonation. Tone is for individual words, intonation is for things within a sentence. So English has intonation but not tone.
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length
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Long vowels and consonants can be indicated by [:] after the symbol.
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stress
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The combined effects of pitch, loudness, and length. Primary and secondary stress applies in some longer words.
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