Introductory Sociology Part 3

Front 1

_________ is any behavior which violates social norms, and can either be criminal or non-criminal.

Back 1

Deviance. Deviance varies depending on the norms for a society. In American society, things such as alcoholism, public nudity, stealing, and cross-dressing are considered deviant.

Front 2

A _______ is a "mark of social disgrace," where the person's deviance is recognized by others.

Back 2

Stigma. This is known as a stigma. Many people engage in acts which could be considered deviant by their society, but manage to keep it secret. As long as these people are not stigmatized, or marked deviant, they tend to consider themselves normal.

Front 3

Social ________ refers to the ways of getting people to conform to norms.

Back 3

Control. Social control includes methods such as persuasion, teaching, and force. Informal social controls are based on approval or disapproval of people whose opinion matters to the deviant. Formal social controls involve people who are in a position to enforce norms.

Front 4

__________ is the confusion that arises when social norms conflict or don't even exist.

Back 4

Anomie. Anomie theory was proposed by Robert Merton to explain deviance. The idea being that there is a often a gap between socially accepted goals, and the means to accomplish them. In American society, becoming wealthy is a major goal, but many do not have the means to become wealthy, and end up turning to deviance.

Front 5

Edwin Sutherland proposed the ___________ association theory to explain how people learn deviance.

Back 5

Differential. The idea behind differential association theory is that people learn deviant behavior, like other behavior, from their interaction with others. For example, juvenile gangs provide an environment which encourages criminal behavior, and members learn deviance as they conform to the group's norms.

Front 6

The family of _______ is the group into which a person is born.

Back 6

Orientation. The family of orientation is the family a person is born into.

Front 7

The family of _______ is the group formed in adulthood by people when they have children.

Back 7

Procreation. In American society, when a child is born, he typically lives with his family of orientation, which consists of his parents and any brothers or sisters. Once he grows up and has children of his own, he lives with his family of procreation, which consists of his children and spouse.

Front 8

A ________ family consists only of a mother, father, and their children.

Back 8

Nuclear. This is known as a nuclear family, as opposed to an extended family, where people in a nuclear family live with other families such as grandparents and relatives.

Front 9

In an ________ family, parents and children live with other close relatives.

Back 9

Extended. Extended families are especially common in Asian societies, where one house may consist of three generations of related families living together. Nuclear families, which consist only of a set of parents and their children, are dominant in the United States.

Front 10

A family where the majority of the authority is vested in the father is known as a _________.

Back 10

Patriarchy. In a patriarchy, the father runs the family. This is opposed to a matriarchy, where the mother has the authority.

Front 11

In ________, marriage occurs outside of specific groups.

Back 11

Exogamy. This is known as exogamy. An example is in American culture, one must marry with someone outside of his family. This is in contrast to endogamy, where one marries with a certain group. An example is marrying with someone of the same race--this is often an encouraged form of endogamy.

Front 12

________ is where a marriage involves more than one spouse.

Back 12

Polygamy. This is known as polygamy--for example a man having three wives is practicing polygamy. Polygamy can be broken down into polygyny and polyandry.

Front 13

________ is a form of polygamy, where a man has several wives at once.

Back 13

Polygyny. Polygyny is a form of polygamy, and is where a man has several wives at the same time. This is in contrast to polyandry, where a woman has several husbands at once.

Front 14

________ of labor is how work is divided among people in a social group or organization.

Back 14

Division. This defines division of labor.

Front 15

In the __________ sector of the economy, people are directly involved with extraction and cultivation of natural resources.

Back 15

Primary. The primary sector includes activities such as hunting, gathering, farming, and mining.

Front 16

The fertility rate is calculated by dividing the number of ___________ in a year by the number of women aged 15 to 44.

Back 16

Births. The number of live births in a year divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 gives us the fertility rate. Actually, you multiply that number by 1000 to get the fertility rate but the basic thing to keep in mind is that number of live births is divided by number of women between 15 and 44.

Front 17

The ________ sector of the economy is where raw materials are turned into manufactured goods.

Back 17

Secondary. The secondary sector includes mills and factories, and turns raw materials into things such as fuel, clothes, automobiles, etc..

Front 18

The ________ sector of the economy refers to services, rather than physical goods.

Back 18

Tertiary. The tertiary sector involves services, such as health, education, entertainment, etc..

Front 19

The ________ system is a form of distribution in which goods or services are exchanged directly for other things which are considered to be of equivalent value.

Back 19

Barter. This is known as the barter system, and was the primary form of distribution before money became a medium of trade. For example, an old woman might trade three chickens to have a man forge her a pot.

Front 20

Karl Marx believed that class conflict marks all societies, the classes being defined by who own the means of ____________.

Back 20

Production. Karl Marx defined two classes, defined by who owns the means of production. The bourgeoisie own the means of production, and are in conflict with the proletariat, who do not.

Front 21

In a _______ system of distribution, the value of goods and services are based on supply and demand.

Back 21

Free-market. The free-market system is based on supply and demand, and uses money as a medium for trade.

Front 22

________ authority comes from long-held customs--people follow not because of the leader's qualifications, but because that's what people have always done; i.e. a king or queen.

Back 22

Traditional. Traditional authority is based on long-held traditions or customs. A king is a good example--he wasn't chosen for his position based on his qualifications, he is probably king because his parents were royalty.

Front 23

________ authority is based on rational grounds and usually a body of laws which have been legally enacted or contractually established.

Back 23

Rational-legal. This is known as rational-legal authority. For example, in a company, a person is required to acknowledge management's authority as long as he is an employee.

Front 24

According to Max Weber, _________ authority is based on the ability to influence others through exemplary or extraordinary character attributes.

Back 24

Charismatic. Many politicians have some degree of charismatic authority. Much of Hitler's power was thought to be based on charismatic authority--leaders of religious cults are often charismatic.

Front 25

A _____________ is a region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas in sufficient proximity to be considered a single urban complex.

Back 25

Megalopolis. A megalopolis is created when the suburbs surrounding several metropolises grow and merge together, forming one continuous urban complex.

Front 26

Max Weber believed that authority is ultimately granted by those being governed--the people must believe in the ruler or leader's _________.

Back 26

Legitimacy. Legitimacy is where the people being led believe that the leader has a legitimate right to command. Max Weber differentiated between three different ways of getting legitimacy--traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic authority

Front 27

An _________ government is one in which the people being governed have little or no say in government's operations--the rulers are dictators who do not tolerate opposition to their authority.

Back 27

Authoritarian. This is known as an authoritarian government. The three main types of government are authoritarian, totalitarian, and democratic.

Front 28

___________ mobility involves moving from one social level to another, instead of moving within the same social level.

Back 28

Vertical. Vertical mobility can either be upward or downward. An example of upward mobility might be moving up the corporate ladder, whereas downward mobility would be the opposite--i.e. going from wealth to poverty. This is in contrast to horizontal mobility, which would be a change in status within the same social level--i.e. switching from one janitorial job to another.

Front 29

A ________ government is one in which the rulers exercise absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life.

Back 29

Totalitarian. A totalitarian government takes the level of authority of the government one step further from an authoritarian government. In a totalitarian government, the rulers regulate every realm of the people's life.

Front 30

In a __________ government, the people have a right to participate in government, and ultimately hold the authority over how they are governed.

Back 30

Democratic. This is known as a democratic government. A democratic government gives the people a voice in how the government works, in contrast to an authoritarian or totalitarian government, where the rulers make all decisions and tolerate no opposition.

Front 31

C. Wright Mills published a book called The Power _______. He stated that a small group of military leaders, politicians, and business leaders cooperate and form a "ruling class" in America.

Back 31

Elite. His book was called The Power Elite, and his theory forms the basis for the Power Elite model of political structure in the United States. This is in contrast to the Pluralist Model, which says that power is dispersed throughout many competing interest groups.

Front 32

David Riesman believed that a ________ Model of power exists in the United States, where power is dispersed through many competing interest groups.

Back 32

Pluralist. David Riesman believed in a Pluralist Model, where power is dispersed among interest groups, and no one can dominate society's decision-making process because of the diversity of interests among the people.

Front 33

_________ refers to religious symbols, objects, and rituals.

Back 33

Sacred. Something which is sacred is holy, or related to religious objects, rites, or practices. This is in contrast to things which are profane, or nonreligious in subject matter, form, or use.

Front 34

_________ wrote The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, in which he stated that religion functions to bind society's members by having them affirm their common beliefs and values on a regular basis.

Back 34

Durkheim. Emile Durkheim wrote The Elementary Forms of Religious Life based on his study of Australian aborigines. He also stated that religion never only concerns belief, but always has regular rituals and ceremonies to keep a sense of group solidarity to the members.

Front 35

_________ studied six of the world's largest religions, and wrote the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

Back 35

Weber. Max Weber wanted to discover religion's impact on social change. He believed that Protestantism's "Work Ethic" played a big part in the development of capitalism in the West, whereas Eastern religions such as Hinduism were barriers to capitalism.

Front 36

The simplest form of religious organization is a ______, and normally centers around a charismatic leader. Member's of such an organization reject the norms and values of the larger society.

Back 36

Cult. This is known as a cult. The three main forms of religious organization are the cult, sect, and church.

Front 37

____________ made up the biggest group of people in poverty.

Back 37

Whites. Whites make up the biggest percentage of people in poverty--in 1997, 24.4 million whites were in poverty. Whites make up the biggest percentage of people in poverty, however, the poverty rate, which is the percentage of a group which is in poverty, is highest among African Americans and Native Americans (approx 25% vs 11% for whites).

Front 38

A _______ is a religious organization, which typically forms in protest to a larger denomination.

Back 38

Sect. A sect typically has little formal structure and few or no leaders. It differs from a cult in that it does not depend on a charismatic leader for continuity.

Front 39

A _______ has formally established leadership, an institutionalized way of dealing with money, and many members are automatically born into the organization, rather than voluntarily joining it.

Back 39

Church. A church, in this case synonymous with denomination, is a large and established religious body with a formal, bureaucratic structure. This is in contrast to sects and cults, which are less organized and more informal.

Front 40

The religions of the West and Middle East emphasize one god, which is known as __________.

Back 40

Monotheism. A religion which consists of belief in a single god is monotheism. Examples are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Front 41

Religions of the Far East and Southeast Asia are often _____, or emphasize many gods.

Back 41

Polytheistic. Polytheistic. A religion which consists of a belief in many gods teaches polytheism. Major religions in the Far East include Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism, and Confucianism, and tend to be oriented toward nature, the path to happiness, and the meaning of life.