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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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KIBBUTZ |
a collective group that raises each other's children |
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AGGREGATE |
when a group of people randomly come together to form a group |
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FOLKWAYS |
the norms, manners or expected behaviors of a society |
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MORES |
the expected morals of a society, which are taken very seriously; these customs are important to culture, and yield the worst punishment |
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LAWS |
specifically enforced rules of a society, created by government |
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ATTITUDES |
a person's general beliefs or opinions |
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VALUES |
a person's fundamental beliefs, ideas about what is desirable in behavior |
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SECONDARY GROUP |
a less intimate group where people pursue the same goals without a sense of belonging |
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STATUS |
rank of a person in society Achieved Status - position gained by personal achievement Ascribed Status - a position given to those who have not achieved things on their own |
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POWER ELITE |
a small group of people who regularly make important decisions for the country; the smallest group of people who make the most important decisions |
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SAMPLE |
a set of cases randomly chosen from a large group |
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QUALITATIVE |
similar in structure of organization, categorical (not dealt with in numeric terms) |
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QUANTITATIVE |
measurable, number or amount of something |
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POPULATION |
people who share the same geographic area |
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FASTEST GROWING POPULATION IN THE U.S. |
65+ years (due to the "baby boom" and advances in medical technology) |
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NORMS |
rules that define expected behavior |
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KARL MARX |
theories inspired term "false consciousness" higher class portray itself as dominant, lower classes feel subordinate wrote "Communist Manifesto" theorized two social classes & conflict theory: *bourgeoisie - in control of resources/capital *proletariat - working class, only capital is time (conflict theory: proletariat uprising against bourgeoisie) |
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DEVIANCE |
anything that is perceived by society as outside the norm |
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DEMOGRAPHICS |
the study of populations; integral to the study of sociology (which is the study of societies) elements include: population size, death rate, location, income level |
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INTEGRATION |
combined use of two cultures |
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CHRISTINE WILLIAMS |
Sociology professor at Univ. of Texas author of "Gender Differences at Work: Women and men in Nontraditional Occupations" her work is highly feminist and generally related to women's rights and other gender issues |
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CULTURAL PLURALISM |
the existence of multiple culture groups in the same area |
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NORMATIVE ORDER |
creation of standards |
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ROLE |
set of expectations of a person's behavior base on their position in society |
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IRVING JANIS |
researched and created the idea of groupthink |
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RATIO OF WOMEN TO MEN IN THE 85+ AGE GROUP |
nearly double (nearly twice as many women as men); 2:1 |
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C. WRIGHT MILLS |
studied group interactions wrote "The Power Elite". divided pop into 3 groups (pyramid: power elite, middle, masses) |
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ANOMIE |
instability in a culture because of the erosion of morals; when a person feels they lack values of purpose Merton theorized that deviance happens when people are blocked from achieving goals in legitimate ways |
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MINIMUM # OF PEOPLE FOR A METROPOLIS |
50,000 (in the main city) |
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CAPITALISM |
system in which the resources are privately owned |
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PATRIARCHAL |
family in which the father is the dominant parent |
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PATRILINEAL |
when the father's lineage is more important than the mothers |
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EGALITARIAN |
shared dominance |
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MAX WEBER |
theory of effective characteristics for bureaucracies: heirarchical structure, divisions of labor, specific formal rule systems, deliberately impersonal, clear goals and purpose 3 social stratifications unequal distrib of rewards: status-class-party legal-rational authority (clearly defined rights and laws that must be upheld) verstehen (how beliefs make people act) |
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PRIMARY GROUP |
a social group with intense intimacy |
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SECONDARY GROUP |
group that shares the same goal, but with looser ties
examples: sport team, AA group |
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ACCOMMODATION |
the difference made to your mind by the process of assimilation |
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RESOURCE MOBILIZATION THEORY |
social movements start as organizations which use resources to achieve goals; applies to political and economic situations |
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ASSIMILATION |
the process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment, to fit with existing information example: adapting to fit into a new culture while leaving old culture behind |
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BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION |
outlawed segregation in schools |
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HALO EFFECT |
the theory which describes how people's perception of one trait is affected by their knowledge about another trait example: thinking a celebrity must be good with children and money because of their status and money |
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NUCLEAR FAMILY |
mother, father, and children most common family structure in the U.S. |
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MOBILITY |
changing position in the social system Types: * Intergenerational * Intragenerational * Horizontal * Vertical (includes upward and downward) |
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FERDINAND TONNIES |
introduced the idea of gameinschaft and gesellschaft gameinschaft: when the group condition is more important than the individual gesellschaft: when an individual's condition is more important than the larger group |
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AMALGAMATION |
mixing of two previously separate groups ("merging") |
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FECUNDITY |
measure of the the reproductive potential of a population the group used the calculate a population's fecundity is: women 15-44 |
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DYAD |
a group of two people |
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GLASS CEILING
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a theoretical barrier preventing women and minorities from advancing due to discrimination
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EMILE DURKHEIM |
theorized 4 forms of suicide: Egoistic (too little social integration) - Altruistic (excessive integration) - Anomic (too little regulation, broken ties) - Fatalistic (excessive regulation and high personal need for control) theory of functionalism - traditions, folkways & mores & other elements were used to create normality & stability in society some consider him the Father of Sociology |
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GEORGE HERBERT MEAD |
developed the social interactionist theory - "self" is not present at birth, but develops through social interaction and as one understands his relation to society |
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BILINEAL |
societies in which the lineage of the husband and wife are equally important |
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GROUPTHINK |
when someone follows the group |
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CULTURE |
beliefs, norms, values and attitudes; the sum of all human creations how ethic groups are classified (includes religion as well as other aspects) elements include: custom, language, values/beliefs |
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CHARGE BARGAIN |
when a person is allowed to plead guilty to a different charge, with lesser consequences |
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE |
the variable being measured |
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE |
the variable that researchers have direct control over |
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WHITE COLLAR CRIME |
leaves no visible victim examples: embezzling, insider trading, tax evasion |
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AGE GROUP WITH HIGHEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN POVERTY |
under 18 years old |
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WILLIAM J. GOODE |
wrote "World Revolution and Family Patterns," discussed how as industrialization occurs, family patterns have changed; and how this will continue to happen |
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SOLIDARITY |
the emotional intensity of the attachments in a group |
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AGE GROUPS CONSIDERED "DEPENDENTS" (2) |
younger than 15 older than 64 |
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SENTENCE BARGAIN |
when a person agrees to plead guilty to receive a shorter sentence |
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SOCIAL CONFLICT |
unfriendly interaction between groups |
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SOCIOLOGY |
study of people, how they act & how they relate to society Micro Sociology - small groups Macro Sociology - large groups and entire populations |
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AUGUSTE COMTE |
Father of Sociology |
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SOCIALIZATION |
a person learns how to live in their environment |
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SOCIETY |
group of people in an area with social links (or ties) |
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MODE |
the number that is repeated the most in the a string of numbers |
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MEAN |
average (sum of all numbers/n) |
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MEDIAN |
the number in the middle of the dataset |
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COSMOPOLITAN NETWORK |
network full of holes where ties are weak |
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PREJUDICE |
negative attitudes and thoughts about a particular group |
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ETHNOCENTRISM |
where a person thinks their race is best |
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CULTURAL RELATIVISM |
where meaning of a trait depends on cultural background |
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GENDER SOCIALIZATION |
showing the ways boys and girls are socialized |
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ANTI-SEMITISM |
prejudice against Jews |
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NORMATIVE ORDER |
creation of standards |
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INFANT MORTALITY RATE |
death of babies that are one year or younger |
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URBAN SPRAWL |
when small cities group together metropolis - large city (and surrounding suburbs), at least 50,000 in the main city |
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LOOKING GLASS SELF |
when a person's self-esteem is based on how others see them |
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TOTAL FERTILITY RATE |
amount of all children that all women could have in their childbearing years |
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY |
how populations change |
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CLASSES |
people who share the same position |
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SMSA |
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area |
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FOUR STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD |
1) collect data 2) create hypothesis 3) test theory 4) revise |
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CAUSATION |
one variable effects another variable |
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FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE |
the idea that society is a system |
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INTERVIEWS |
survey of a sample of people to gather information |
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80/20 RULE |
80% of wealth is controlled by 20% of population |
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ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS (4) |
Capitalism-gov has ltd influence, ppl make and create businesses Socialism - good of the group prevails Welfare Capitalism - gov pay for all educ/healthcare (Canada/Sweden) Communism - mean so production shared and owned equally (example: "Animal Farm") |
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GLOBALIZATION |
the takeover and expansion of current markets into new global markets |
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MARRIAGE INSTITUTIONS (7) |
Endogamy - same glass or group Exogamy - different classes or groups Monogamy - one man, one woman Polyamory - one man, multiple women Polyandry - one woman, multiple men Matrilocality - couple lives with wife's family Patrilocality - couple lives with husband's family |
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POLITICAL/GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS (5) |
Monarchy - 1 major family controls govt Constitutional Monarchy - king/queen figurehead, but elected officials make decisions Democrary - citizens elect officials (U.S.) Authoritarianism - doesnt let citizens to partici in govt (China) Totalitarianism - govt controls almost total of citizens' lives |
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RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS (5) |
Christian - Jesus is Son of God Judaism - believe Jews are the chosen people Islam - word of God was revealed to prophet muhammad (Allah). Text: Koran Hinduism - oldest religion. no specific god. belief in karma, good works, reincarnation Buddhism - follow Siddhartha Gautauma, reject materialism |
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ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (2) |
Monopoly - when a product is sold by one only company and there is no close substitute available Oligopoly - when on a few companies supply the product (example: gas stations) |
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CULT |
group that functions outside of all cultural norms (usually claiming to be religious, with a charismatic leader, and isolating members from family and friends) |
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TRIANGULAR TRADE |
shipping lines that connected Europe, Africa and the Americas with slaves. |
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SLAVES/SLAVERY |
30% died during "seasoning" process all colonies legalized slavery by 1750 laws restricted: right to assemble, earn money, get education, and movement autonomy 2 major revolts: South Carolina & New York |
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RESEARCH TESTS (4) |
replicable - another scientist would reach the same or closely similar result falsifiable - theory must be stated in a way that can be accepted or rejected must be precisely stated and conducted principle of parsimony (Occam's razor) - must use most logical, simple explanation possible |
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RESEARCH METHODS (10) |
case study - 1 subject/situation studied in depth survey - mailed/distributed using sampling methods naturalistic obs - obs w/o interacting/interferring laboratory obs - monitor specific biological changes psychological tests - standard tests, get info about subj cross-sectional study: ppl diff ages studied@same time triangulation - claim cross ref'd w/ 3+ methods/sources longitudinal studies - sbj floll'd over long period of time correlation research-show links +same chng, - opp chng census - collection of data from all cases/people in a set |
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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS |
part of social life that is designed to meet important needs and to support values (e.g., family, school, political system, religion) |
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY |
explains how populations change (grow or shrink) according to technology |
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THOMAS MALTHUS |
theorized that resources increase at consistent/linear rate, but population increases exponentially dependency ratios: describe the relation between people who cannot work (dependents) and the people who can (relative to every 100 people) |
