Introductory Sociology

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sociology?

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systematic study of human society and social interaction

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society

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large social group that occupies the same geographic area and is subject to a common political authority and dominant cultural expectations

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industrialization

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process by which societies are transformed from agriculture based economy to manufacturing based economy

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urbanization

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movement of an increasing proportion of a society 's population from rural areas to city

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social facts

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patterned ways of behaving , thinking, and feeling

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Wright Mills

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sociologicall imagination to described the ability to apply sociological reasoning and see the links between the personal and the social

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anomie

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society provides little moral or behavioral guidance to an individual

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theory

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set of logically related statement that attemps to explain, describe, and occasionally predict how tow or more social phenomena are related

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social perspective

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involves being able to see the general in the particular

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theoretical perspective

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basic overall image or paradigm used to organize a way of understanding society

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funcionalist perspective

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views society as a relatively stable and orderly system composed of interdependent and interrelated parts

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social structure

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stable and organized patterns of social relationships adn social institutions that exists within a particular group or society

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manifest functions

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intented, expected or overly reconized consequences of an activity or institution

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latent functions

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consequences that are largely inintended and unreconized

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social dysfunctions

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undesirable consequences of an institution or activity for the social system

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conflict perpective

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groups with clashing interests

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Karl Marx

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bourgeoisie, or capitalist class/ proletariat or the working class

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Mead

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social influences of the development of sense of self

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symbolic-interaction perspective(Mead)

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society is the product of the everyday interaction of people and groups

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Cooley

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looking glass self.

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looking glass self

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the person's sense of self is based on the imagined reactions of others

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Goffman

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dramaturgical analysis

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variable

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a concept whose value changes from case to case4

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dependent variable

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variable of interests or outcome measure. Value is believed to depend upon or to be caused by another variable

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independent variable

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explanatory or predictor variable.Causes or produces changes in the values of another variable

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hypothesis

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expected relationship between 2 or more concepts or variables

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operationalize

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specify how the variable is to be measure

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validity

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measures precisely and exactly what one intends to measure

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reliability

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consistency in the measurement over time

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population

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the group of people to whom the results apply and about which the investigator seeks to draw conclusions

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sampling

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selecting a subgroup

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sample

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subgroup from to collect data

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representative sample

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subgroup representative of the whole

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random sampling

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each menber of the population has the same chance of being selected for participation in the study

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positive correlation

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change together in the same direction

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quantitative research

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analysis of numerical data

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qualitative research

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subjective meaning

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surveys

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questionaire or interview

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experiments

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designed and controlled attemps

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field research

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study of social life in its natural settings

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participation observation

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researcher systematically observe, e.c. case studies

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secondary analysis

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data or information was collected by other researchers

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deductive model

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general theory or set of hypothesis

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inductive moderl(grounded)

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explains the observations and their meaning

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culture

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values, ideas, beliefs lenguages, and material objects that form a way of life

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material culture

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tangeble objects

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nonmaterial culture

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ideas, values, goals, rules of behaqvior

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cultural universa

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custums, trais and behaviors that ocur in every culture e.c. taboo, incest

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symbol

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anything that carries an specific meaning to that culture

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language

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set of symbols that allow people to communicate with eachother

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Sapir_Whorf hypothesis

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language shape the way peopleview reality

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values

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evaluative examples of R or W, desarible or undesariable in a particular culture