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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FDA
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Food and Drug Administration
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IND
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Investigational New Drug Application
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NDA
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New Drug Application
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PMS
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Post-Marketing Surveillance
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DEA
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Drug Enforcement Agency
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IRB
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Institutional Review Board
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IACUC
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Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
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dr
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Teaspoonful
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g or gm
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gram
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gr
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grain
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gtt
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drops
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mcg, or ug
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microgram
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mg
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milligram
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ad
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right ear
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as
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left ear
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au
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each ear
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od
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right eye
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os
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left eye
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ou
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each eye
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po
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by mouth
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supp
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suppository
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vag
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vaginally
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ac
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before meals
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ad lib
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freely at pleasure
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bid
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twice a day
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h
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hour
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hs
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at bedtime
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pc
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at meals
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prn
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as needed
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q
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every
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qid
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four times a day
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qod
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every other day
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stat
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at once immediately
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tid
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three times a day
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ut dict
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as directed
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aa
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of each
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cap
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capsule
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c
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with
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n.r.
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no refill
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qs ad
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add a sufficient amount to make
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rep
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repeat, refill
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s
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without
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ss
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one-half
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sig
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directions for use
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tab
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tablet
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enteral routes
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oral
rectal buccal Sublingual |
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oral route
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most common route
safest most economical and convienient method disadvantage: GI irritation, potential for first-pass metabolism Absorption may be limited, Food may affect absorption, Requires patient cooperation |
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Rectal Route
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Delivered via suppository
Often used for patients who are vomitting or unable to swallow pills useful in children and unconscious patients potentially avoids first pass |
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rectal
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Delivered via a suppository
used for vomitting parients or patients unable to swallow a pill usefull in children and unconscious patients Potentially avoids first-pass Approximately half the drug absorbed will pass the liver Absorption is slow and often irregular and incomplete |
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Buccal and Sublingual
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Direct absorption into the circulatory system
Avoid Gi effects and First-pass effects Drug may be highly lipid soluble Rapid absorption Best for potent drugs |
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Parental Routes
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Percutaneous or Transdermal
Topical Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous Inhalation Intrathecal |
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Percutaneous or Transdermal
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drugs must be highly lipid soluble and dissolved in lipid
soluble vehicles. Slow absorption |
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Topical
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Applied with intention of no-absorption and providing local effects
Drugs should be lipid-insoluble |
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Subcutaneous (SC)
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Absorption occurs by simple diffusion along the gradient from drug depot to plasma
Only for drugs not irritating to tissue Circulating at the injection site is important for delivery Absorption sufficiently constant and slow to provide a sustained effect Slow absorption due to poor blood flow (slower than IM) Local blood flow can even be further reduced by many factors slowing absorption even further(e,g, cold, shock, vasoconstrictors) Self-administration is possible |
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Intramuscular
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Absorption occurs by simple diffusion along the gradient from drug depot to plasma
Drugs generally absorbed rapidaly (usually faster than oral) with better bioavailability. Exercise increases blood flow to further enhance absorption Relative large volumes an be given by this route (-5ml/buttock) |
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Intravenous (IV)
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Fastest
Complete (100% bioavailability) Controllable. Infusion to achieve constant drug level is possible Most Dangerous Potential for irritation of vascular walls Increased risk for blood borne infections |
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Inhalation
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Route limited to gases and very small particles
absorption is rapid because of large surface area Avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism |
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Intrathecal
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Administration of drug to cerebropinal fluid
Used when local and rapid effects on the meninges or cerebrospinal axis are desired (eg spinal anesthesia or trearment of acute CNS infections) |
