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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plants use clorophyll (photosynthesis) to
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Absorb energy from the sun, make carbohydrates
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The best source of energy is
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Carbohydrates
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Simple carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides (mono=1) (saccharide=sugar) and Disaccharides (di=two)
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Examples of monosaccharides
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Fructose, Glucose, Galactose
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Examples of disaccharides
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Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
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Complex carbohydrate
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Polysaccharides (poly=many)
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Examples of polysaccharides
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Starch, Amylose, Amlopectin
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A chain of glucose models joined together is a
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Polysaccharide
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When metabolized fructose is converted to
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Glucose
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High Fructose Corn Syrup is made by
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treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes changing starch into glucose
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There is no support to the claim that HFCS
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promotes weight gain
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Glucose + Fructose =
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Sucrose (table sugar)
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Glucose + Glucose =
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Maltose (grain sugar)
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Glucose + Galactose =
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Lactose (milk sugar)
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The most common disaccharide is
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sucrose (table sugar)
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Maltose is used in
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food processing and seldom occurs naturally
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Lactose intolerance
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the enzyme lactase is not present in adequate quantities for break down the lactose, so that it ferments in the GI tract
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Functional fiber
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Fiber added to food for effects
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Soluble fiber
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dissolves in water, fermented by bacteria in large intestine, includes gum and pectin
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Insoluble fiber
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does not digest in water and is less ferment or digestible; has more laxative effect
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Health benefits of fiber
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Prevents constipation, diverticulosis, decreases risk of obesity, heart disease, and cancer
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Food with natural sugars (fruits, milk, vegetables)
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are nutrient dense
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Food with added sugars
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are "empty-calorie" foods, lacking nutrient density
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Homeostasis
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The need to keep the environment constant or stable; the balance of fluids, nutrients, temperature, blood gases to ensure proper functioning of organs
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The pancreas releases the hormone
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insulin
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Glucose is used to saved for later as
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Glycogen
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Glycogenesis
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The storage of glycogen in liver and muscle cells
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If blood glucose levels drop
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the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon
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Glycogenolysis
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the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
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Gluconeogenesis
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the creation of glucose from non-CHO sources or protein
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Glycogen
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storage form of carbohydrate in animals and humans
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In times of stress
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glycogen is an important source of glucose for the blood
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In muscle, glycogen supplies
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steady glucose for activity
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The liver stores ___ grams of glycogen at a time
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300
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After 18 hours of fasting
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the livers storage of glycogen is depleted and the body will begin to breakdown fat for energy
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Ketone bodies
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By-product of fat breakdown spill into blood
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Ketosis
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Can occur after two days of fasting; raised levels of ketone bodies in the body
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All disaccharides, Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose are absorbed
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in the small intestine
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Insulin directs
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the uptake of glucose by cells and determines if glucose will be used or stored as glycogen
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Glycogen and fat =
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stored fuel
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How much Carbohydrates in a day?
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Minimum of 130 grams a day for brain to get necessary glucose; lower amounts of simple carbs and higher amounts of complex carbs
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Type II Diabetes
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Pancreas does not produce enough insulin; person has become insulin resistant
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Type I Diabetes
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An auto-immune disease. Without insulin ketone bodies rise to dangerous levels causing Ketoacidosis
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Type I diabetics must
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take injected insulin and control the intake of carbohydrates carefully
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Long-Term effects of uncontrolled diabetes
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Blindness, Kidney disease and kidney failure, Vascular disease, Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
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Lipids are essential, they
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are the insulation for organs & body, energy storage form, transport for proteins in blood, structure for cell membranes
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Lipids
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carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen compound, insoluble in water. They are hydrophobic.
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Three types of lipids
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Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols
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Fatty acids are basic units for
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triglycerides and phospholipids
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Fatty acid
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chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen attached and acid group at end
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Fatty acids vary:
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In length of chain, whether or not single or double bonds occur between carbons, number of double bonds
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unhealthy fats that clog arteries
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saturated fats
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Saturated fats
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all carbon atoms bound with hydrogen
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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One or more double bonds between carbon atoms
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Monounsaturated fatty acids
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One double bond, causing bend in chain
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids
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2 or more bonds, creating bends at each site
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Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are
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less saturated with hydrogen
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Fatty acids that stick together and are solid at room temperature
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Saturated Fats
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Fatty acids that don't stick together and are liquid at room temperature
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Unsaturated Fats
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What are essential to healthy but cannot be made by the body?
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Essential Fatty Acids
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Examples of essential fatty acids
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Linoleic acid (omega 6) and Alpha-linoleic fatty acid (omega 3)
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Triglycerides
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Three fatty acids connected to glycerol backbone; most common lipid in food in your body
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Glycerol
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a 3 carbon compound with three alcohol groups
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Phospholipids
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have glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and phosphate group. One end is hydrophilic and one end is hydrophobic
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Lecithin
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major phospholipid in cell membrane, which the body makes
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Sterols
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do not contain glycerol or fatty acids; are the make of four connecting rings of carbon and hydrogen
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Cholesterol
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a sterol manufactured by the body; a component in cell membranes; used in making bile acid for digestion; component of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
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Lipase
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an enzyme in the mouth that begins to chemically break down fat
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Gastric Lipase
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an enzyme in stomach the breaks fat into smaller components called a diglyceride
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Pancreatic Lipase
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Breaks fat into monoglyceride in small intestine
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Short chain fatty acids will
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enter blood and go to liver
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Long chain fatty acids will
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enter lymph, be "packaged" with protein carrier called lipoprotein enter the blood and be broken down
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Fats can be used by
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muscles, heart for energy and can be stored as energy in fat cells
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Fats are sent to liver to be
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dismantled
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HDL
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A lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the cells and sends to the liver to make bile
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LDL
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A lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol to cells.
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VLDL
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A lipoprotein that delivers fats to cells, converting remnants to LDL
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Trans Fats
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The fat created when unsaturated fats are changed to saturated fats by hydrogenation
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Trans fats raise LDL cholesterol by
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lowering HDL cholesterol
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Fat Substitutes
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Made from carbohydrates, proteins, or fats
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Olestra (Olean)
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Mix of sucrose and long chain fatty acids which cannot be broken down and must be passed through the gut
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Heart Disease
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Number one cause of death for adults in the United States
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Atherosclerosis
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narrowing and hardening of arteries
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