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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a statement? |
A sentence that is either true or false. |
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When evaluating sentences what are we looking for? |
Their truth value. A statement can have either a true truth value or a false truth value. |
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What 3 things are not statements? |
Questions, commands, and nonsense sentences, because they do not have a truth value. |
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What is a self-supporting statement? |
Its truth value can be determined from the statement itself. |
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What are the 3 categories of self-supporting statements? |
1. Self-reports 2. True or false by logical structure 3. True or false by definition |
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Tell me about self-reports. |
A statement by a person concerning his or her own desires, beliefs, or feelings |
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Tell me about statements which are true or false by logical structure. |
A statement that can be seen to be true or false by how the sentence is put together. |
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What is a tautology. |
A statement that is always true by logical structure. |
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What is a self-contradiction? |
A statement that is false due to its logical structure. |
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What is a supported statement? |
A statement whose truth value depends on evidence or information from outside itself. |
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What are the 3 sources for determining a supported statement's truth value? |
1. Authority 2. Experience/Observation 3. Deduction |
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What is a categorical statement? |
One which affirms or denies something about a given subject. |
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What are the four forms of categroical statements? |
1. All S are P. |
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What are the two parts of a statement? |
1. Subject |
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What is the predicate? |
The term that describes or asserts something about the subject. |
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What does the quantity of a statement identify? |
Whether the statement is universal (all or no) or particular (some and some...not) |
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When is a statement universal? |
When it makes a claim about the entire extension of a subject. |
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When is a statement particular? |
When it makes a claim about part of the extension of the subject. |
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What does the quality of a statement identify? |
Whether the statement is affirmative (all and some), or negative (no and some...not). |
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When is a statement affirmative? |
When it affirms something about the subject. |
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When is a statement negative?
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When it denies something about the subject. |
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What are the four types of categorical statements? |
1. Universal affirmative |
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What is the square of opposition? |
A diagram of the basic relationships between categorical statements with the same subject and predicate. |
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Universal affirmative statements are also known as:
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A statements |
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Universal negative statements are also known as: |
E statements. |
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Particular affirmative statements are also known as: |
I statements
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Particular negative statements are also known as: |
O statements |
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What five different relationships between categorical statements does the square of opposition present? |
1. Contradiction |
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When are two statements in contradiction? |
If and only if they always have opposite truth values. |
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Relationship of Contrariety |
If and only if both statements can both be false but cannot both be true. Only between A and E statements. |
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Relationship of Subcontrariety |
If and only if both statements can be true, but they cannot both be false. Only between I and O statements. |
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Relationship of Subimplication |
Between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular.Only between pairs of A and I statements and E and O statements. |
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Relationship of Superimplication |
Between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the falsity of the particular necessitates the falsity of the universal. Only between pairs of I and A statements and O and E statements. |
