Introduction To Sociology

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Culture:

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values the members of a given group hold, their language, symbols and norms. Beliefs and expectations people have about each other and the world they inhabit.

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Values:

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Abstract ideals. Do not apply to everyone. Ex: western societies: 1 wife: other societies: many.

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Norms:

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principles or rules expected to observe . dos and donts of social life.

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Material goods:

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Physical objects that a society creates and influences the way people live. Clothes, cars, houses= technology.

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Society:

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A system of interrelationships that connect individuals together. No culture can exist without society. (Hippy communes, punk groups, Amish groups)

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Culture turn:

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sociology's emphasis on the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life. Such as challenging the importance the assumption that culture blindly determines our values and behaviors. Nature vs. Nurture

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Sociobiology:

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Application of biological principles to explaining the social activities of animals including humans. Edward Wilson argued that genes don't only affect appearance but behavior.

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Instincts:

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Nature and Nurture interact. Behaviors of adults are governed by inborn biologically fixed patterns of action found in all cultures.

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Subcultures:

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emergence of societies that are cultural composites- meaning population is made up of a number of groups from diverse cultural and linguistic background. These cultures usually live side by side. Segments of the population that are distinguishable from the rest of society by their patterns.

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Assimilation:

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Different cultures are absorbed into a single mainstream culture. Many groups strive to maintain subculture identity.

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Multiculturalism:

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respecting cultural diversity and promoting equality of different cultures. Acknowledged that some social difference should remain preserved.

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Ethnocentrism:

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Judging other cultures in terms of the standards of one's own. Find it difficult to sympathize or relate to other cultures. In studying sociology we must look with new eyes outside of our cultural bias.

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Cultural Relativism:

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The practice of judging a society by it's own standards, not one's own.

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Cultural universals:

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Common features found through all societies. Ex: family system, marriage, religious rituals and property rights.

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Linguistic relativity Hypothesis:

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Linguist Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf advanced this hypothesis, which argues that the language we use influences our perception of the world. We are more likely to be aware of things in the world if we have words for them.

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Signifier:

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any vehicle of meaning, and set of elements used to communicate. The sounds made in speech are signifiers, as are the marks made on paper. Also include dress, visual signs, modes of eating, and other material that features culture. Ex: Men wear pants, women skirts or visa versa.

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Semiotics:

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The analysis of nonverbal cultural meaning. Allows us to contrast the ways in which different cultures are structured by looking at symbols.

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Hunting and gathering societies:

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Human beings have lived as hunter and gathering societies, small groups or tribes. Continue to exist. Most of these cultures have been observed.

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Pastoral societies:

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Relied manly on domesticated livestock.

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Agrarian societies

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Grew crops. Some cultures mixed pastoral and agrarian practices.

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Industrialization:

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The emergence of machine production.

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Industrialized societies:

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Pace of technology innovation is extremely rapid compared with that of traditional social systems.

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Nation-states

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Industrial societies were the first nation states to come into existence. Political communities which create borders. Government has extensive power of citizens within the borders.

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Colonialism:

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Central to shaping the social map of the globe that we know it today.

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Developing world:

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Those who are less developed societies. Also known as 3rd world, which contrast b/w 1st and 2nd world countries.1st: multi party or parliamentary governments. 2nd: communist countries- planned economies.

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newly Industrializing economies:

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Successful in catching up with other economies through technology.

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Nationalism:

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Resurgence of local cultures is sometimes seen as a rise of nationalism. A sense of identity with one's people or common set of beliefs.