Introduction To Psychology: Exam 1

Front 1

In the 1800's, French biologist Pierre Flourens and Surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between

Back 1

The Mind and the Brain

Front 2

What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz?

Back 2

Reaction Time

Front 3

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with

Back 3

The founding of psychology as a scientific discipline

Front 4

Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constituted the mind, an approach called

Back 4

Structuralism

Front 5

William James and ________ Helped establish functionalism as a major school of psychology thought in North America

Back 5

G. Stanley Hall

Front 6

The functional approach to psychology was inspired by

Back 6

Darwin's "On the origin of species by means of Natural Selection"

Front 7

To understand human behavior, French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet studied people

Back 7

With psychological disorders

Front 8

Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed

Back 8

Psychoanalytical Theory

Front 9

Behaviorism involves the study of

Back 9

Observable actions and responses

Front 10

The experiment od Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on

Back 10

Stimulus and response

Front 11

Who developed the concept of reinforcement

Back 11

B.F. Skinner

Front 12

The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called

Back 12

Cognitive Psychology

Front 13

The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of

Back 13

Cognitive Neuroscience

Front 14

Central to evolutionary psychology is the ____ function that minds and brains serve

Back 14

Adaptive

Front 15

Social psychology most differs from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on

Back 15

Human interaction

Front 16

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation is

Back 16

Empericism

Front 17

Which of the following is the best definition of a hypothesis?

Back 17

A falsifiable prediction

Front 18

The methods of psychological investigations take _____ into account because when people know they are being studied, they don't always behave as they otherwise would.

Back 18

Reactivity

Front 19

When a measure produces the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing, it is said to have

Back 19

reliability

Front 20

Aspects of an observational setting that causes people to behave as they think they should are called

Back 20

Demand Characteristics

Front 21

In a double-blind observation

Back 21

The purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed

Front 22

Which of the following describes the average value of all the measurements in a particular distribution?

Back 22

Mean

Front 23

What does a correlation coefficient show

Back 23

The direction and strength of a correlation

Front 24

When two variables are correlated, what keeps us from concluding that one is the cause and the other is the effect?

Back 24

The possibility of a third-variable correlation

Front 25

A researcher administers a questionnaire concerning attitudes towards global warming to people of both genders and of all ages who live all across the country. The dependent variable in the study is the _____ of the participants

Back 25

Attitudes towards global warming

Front 26

The characteristic of an experiment that allows conclusions about causal relationships to be drawn is called

Back 26

Internal Validity

Front 27

An experiment that operationally defines variables in a realistic way is said to be

Back 27

externally valid

Front 28

What are psychologists ethically required to do when reporting research results?

Back 28

1. Report findings truthfully
2. Share credit for research
3. Make data available for further research

Front 29

What is not a function of a neuron?

Back 29

Nutritional Provision

Front 30

Signals from the neurons are received and relayed to the cell body by

Back 30

Dendrites

Front 31

Sifnals are transmitted from one neuron to another

Back 31

Across a synapse

Front 32

Which type of neuron receives information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain via the spinal cord?

Back 32

Sensory neuron

Front 33

An electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neurons axon to the synapse is called

Back 33

an action potential

Front 34

The chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites are called

Back 34

Neurotransmitters

Front 35

The __________ automatically controls the organs of the body

Back 35

Autonomic nervous system

Front 36

Which part of the hindbrain coordinated fine motor skills?

Back 36

The cerebellum

Front 37

What part of the brain is involved in movement and arousal?

Back 37

The midbrain

Front 38

The ______ regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

Back 38

Hypothalamus

Front 39

What explains the apparent beneficial effects of cardiovascular exercise on aspects of brain function and cognitive performance?

Back 39

Neuron Plasticity

Front 40

During the course of embryonic brain growth, the ______ undergoes the greatest development

Back 40

Cerebral cortex

Front 41

The first true CNS appeared in

Back 41

Flatworms

Front 42

Genes set the ________ in populations within a given environment

Back 42

Range of variation

Front 43

Identifying the brain areas that are involved in specific types of motor, cognitive, or emotional processing is best achieved through

Back 43

Brain imaging

Front 44

Sensation involves _____, while perception involves ________.

Back 44

Stimulation, interpretation

Front 45

What process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the CNS

Back 45

Transduction

Front 46

The smallest intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called

Back 46

Absolute threshold

Front 47

The world of light outside the body is linked to the world of vision inside the CNS by the

Back 47

Retina

Front 48

Light striking the retina, causing a specific pattern of response in the three cone types, leads to our ability to see

Back 48

Colors

Front 49

In which part of the brain is primary visual cortex. where encoded information is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene

Back 49

Area V1

Front 50

Out ability to visually combine details so that we perceive unified objects is explained by

Back 50

Feature integration theory

Front 51

The idea that specialized brain areas represent particular classes of objects is

Back 51

The modular view

Front 52

The principle of ____________ holds that even as sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

Back 52

Perceptual constancy

Front 53

Image-based and parts-based theories both involve the problem of

Back 53

Object identification

Front 54

What kind of cues are relative size and linear perspective

Back 54

Monocular

Front 55

What does the frequency of a sound wave determine

Back 55

Pitch

Front 56

The placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to our ability to

Back 56

Localie sound sources

Front 57

The location and type of pain we experience is indicated by signals sent to

Back 57

the somatosensory cortex

Front 58

What best explains why smells can have immediate and powerful effects

Back 58

The involvement in smell of brain centers for emotions and memories

Front 59

Psychology

Back 59

the scientific study of mind and behavior

Front 60

Mind

Back 60

our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings

Front 61

Behavior

Back 61

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

Front 62

Nativism

Back 62

the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

Front 63

Philosophical Emiricism

Back 63

the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

Front 64

Phrenology

Back 64

a theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain

Front 65

Physiology

Back 65

the study of biological processes, especially in the human body

Front 66

Stimulus

Back 66

sensory input from the enviorment

Front 67

Reaction Time

Back 67

the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus

Front 68

Consciosness

Back 68

a persons subjective experience of the world and the mind

Front 69

Structurlism

Back 69

the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

Front 70

Introspection

Back 70

the subjective observation of one's own experiance

Front 71

Functionalism

Back 71

the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their enviroment

Front 72

Hysteria

Back 72

a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiances

Front 73

Psychoanalytic Theory

Back 73

Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

Front 74

Psychoanalysis

Back 74

a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

Front 75

Behaviorism

Back 75

an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior

Front 76

Gestalt Psychology

Back 76

a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

Front 77

Cognitive Psychology

Back 77

the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

Front 78

Behavioral Neuro-science

Back 78

an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

Front 79

Cognitive Neuro-science

Back 79

a field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

Front 80

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 80

a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

Front 81

Social Psychology

Back 81

a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior

Front 82

Cultural Psychology

Back 82

the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

Front 83

Theory

Back 83

a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

Front 84

Hypothesis

Back 84

A falsifiable prediction made by a theory

Front 85

Measure

Back 85

a device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers

Front 86

Power

Back 86

the ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition

Front 87

Naturalistic Observations

Back 87

a technique for gathering scientific data by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

Front 88

Observer Bias

Back 88

expectations can influence observations

Front 89

Double-Blind

Back 89

an observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed

Front 90

Frequency distribution

Back 90

a graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made

Front 91

Normal Distribution

Back 91

a mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the middle

Front 92

Correlation Coefficient

Back 92

a measure of the direction and strength of a correlation, which is signified by the letter R

Front 93

Natural Correlation

Back 93

a correlation observed in the world around us

Front 94

Third-Variable Correlation

Back 94

the fact that two variables are correlated only because each is casually related to a third variable

Front 95

Internal Validity

Back 95

the characteristics of an experiment that establishes the casual relationship between variables

Front 96

External Validity

Back 96

a property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in normal, typical, or realistic way

Front 97

Neurons

Back 97

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

Front 98

Cell body

Back 98

the part of a neuron that coordinates information processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

Front 99

Axon

Back 99

the part of the neuron that transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Front 100

Myelin Sheath

Back 100

an insulating layer of fatty material

Front 101

Glial Cells

Back 101

support cells found in the nervous system

Front 102

Synapse

Back 102

the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

Front 103

Motor Neurons

Back 103

neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

Front 104

Interneurons

Back 104

Neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons

Front 105

Resting Potential

Back 105

the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane

Front 106

Action Potential

Back 106

an electrical signal that is conducted along a neuron's axon to a synapse

Front 107

Refractory Period

Back 107

the time following an action potential during which an new action potential cannot be initiated. 40 MilWatt charge

Front 108

Acetylcholine

Back 108

a neurotransmitter involved in a number of functions, including voluntary motor control

Front 109

Dopamine

Back 109

regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

Front 110

Glutamine

Back 110

a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in information transmission throughout the brain

Front 111

Serotonin

Back 111

a neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior

Front 112

Endorphins

Back 112

chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain

Front 113

Agonists

Back 113

drugs that increase the action of the neurotransmitter

Front 114

Antagonists

Back 114

drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

Front 115

Nervous System

Back 115

an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body

Front 116

Central Nervous System

Back 116

compose of the brain and spinal cord

Front 117

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 117

connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and muscles

Front 118

Somatic Nervous system

Back 118

a set of nerves that conveys information into and out of the central nervous system

Front 119

Autonomic Nervous system

Back 119

a set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands

Front 120

Sympathetic Nervous system

Back 120

prepares the body for action in threatening situations

Front 121

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Back 121

helps the body return to a normal resting state

Front 122

Hindbrain

Back 122

area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord

Front 123

Medulla

Back 123

an extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and resperiation

Front 124

Reticular Formation

Back 124

regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal

Front 125

Pons

Back 125

relay information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Front 126

Tectum

Back 126

orients an organism in the enviorment

Front 127

Tegmentum

Back 127

involved in movement and arousal

Front 128

Cerebral Cortex

Back 128

outer most layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye and is divided into two hemishperes

Front 129

Subcortical Structures

Back 129

areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain