Introduction To Psychology

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Autism

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a condition that is marked by especially abnormal or impaired development in social interaction such as hiding to avoid people, not making eye contact, and not wanting to be touched.

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Test anxiety

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a combination of physiological, emotional, and cognitive components that are caused by the stress of taking exams and may interfere with one's concentration, planning, and academic performance.

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Psychology

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the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.

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1st goal of psychology

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to describe the different ways that organisms begave

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2nd goal of psychology

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to explain the causes of behavior

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3rd goal of psychology

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to predict how organisms will behave in certain situation

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4th goal of psychology

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to control an organism's behavior

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1st approach to understanding behavior

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biological

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2nd approach to understanding behavior

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cognitive

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3rd approach to understanding behavior

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behavioral

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4th approach to understanding behavior

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psychoanalytic

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5th approach to understanding behavior

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humanistic

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6th approach to understanding behavior

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soiciocultural

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7th approach to understanding behavior

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evolutionary

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8th approach to understanding behavior

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biopsychosocial

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approach

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a focus or perspective that may use a particular research method or tecnique

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biological approach

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focuses on how our genes, hormones and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, and coping tecniques

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cognitive approach

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examines how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel

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behavioral approach

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studies how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones, depending on whether events int heir environments reward or punish these behaviors

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psychoanalytic approach

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stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts, bevavior, and the development of personality traits and psychological problems later in life

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humanistic approach

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emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in directin his or her future, a large capacity for personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic worth, and enormous potential for self-fulfillment

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sociocultural approach

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studies the influence of social and cultural factors on psychological and behavioral functioning

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evolutionary approach

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studies how evolutionary ideas, such as adaptation and natural selection, explain human behaviors and mental processes

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biopsychosocial approach

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studies how biological, psychological, and social influences explain human health and illnes

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neuroscience

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an interdisciplinary field of scientific study that examines the structure and function of all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and networks of brain cells

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congnitive neuroscience

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involves taking pictures and identifying the structures and functions of the living brain during the performance of a variety of mental or cognitive processes, such as thinking, planning, naming, and recognizing objects

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procastination

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the tendency to always put off completing a task to the point of feeling anxious or uncomfortable about one's delay

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positive psychology

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the scientific study of optimal human functioning, focusing on the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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structuralism

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the study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental experiences

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introspection

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a method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward and report their sensations and perceptions

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functionalism

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the study of the function rather than the structure of consciousness, was interested in how our minds adapt to our changing environment

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Gestalt approach

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emphasized that perception is more than the sum of its parts studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences

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Mary Calkins

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denied a PhD because she was a woman

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Margaret Washburn

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First woman to be awarded a PhD in Psychology

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Inez Prosser

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First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology

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From least to best, strategies for taking class notes

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Review notes, Summarize notes, Answer question about notes

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Wilhelm Wundt

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established the first psychology laboratory, considered the father of psychology. Established structuralism and introspection

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William James

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Disagreed with Wilhelm Wundt, viewed mental activites as having developed through the ages of evolution because of their adaptive functions, such as helping humans survive. was interested in the goals, purposes, and functions of the mind, an approach called functionalism.

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Max Wertheimer

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established the Gestalt approach.

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John B. Watson

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stated that psychology should be considered an objective, experimental science, whose goal should be the analysis of observable behaviors and the prediction and control of those behaviors

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B. F. Skinner

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established the behavioral approach

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Sigmund Freud

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established the psychoanalytic approach