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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physiology |
Study of how body maintains homeostasis |
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Homeostasis |
All the changes that occur in the body to keep functions within normal ranges |
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Systems that regulate homeostasis |
Nervous System Endocrine system |
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Important Vital Signs |
Heart Rate Respiration Rate Blood O2/CO2 Blood Pressure Blood Glucose Body Temp. Etc. -the body tries to get these back to normal |
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Homeostasis components |
Stimulus Sensor (receptor) Integrating center Effector Response (effect) |
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Stimulus |
a change in a body function, usually outside the normal range |
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sensor (receptor) |
detects this change. sends signal to integrating center (brain) |
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integrating center |
where sensory info is interpreted, compared to a "set point" or normal range for that body function. responds by sending a command (nervous or endocrine). |
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effector |
muscle or gland that responds to the command. Voluntary muscle or cardiac or smooth muscle. |
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Effect response |
usually reverses the initial change in body function if negative feedback loop |
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Positive feedback loop |
rare feedback system in the body when change occurs body responds by causing more of that change, amplifies the effect -nursing a child -birthing a child |
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Negative feedback loop |
most common feedback system when change occurs, body responds by reversal of the change, reverses the effect -most processes in the body |
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Nursing & Oxytocin release |
positive -stimulus-baby sucking on nipple -sensor-tactile receptors in nipple -integrating center-hypothalamus -effector-supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus secrets oxytocin -effect-milk release from the breast =as long as baby is nursing, oxytocin is released =when nursing stops, oxytocin release stops |
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Birth & Oxytocin release |
positive -stimulus-stretch receptors stretch cervix -sensor-stretch receptors in the cervix -integrating center-hypothalamus -effectors-supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus secretes oxytocin -effect-strong uterin muscle contraction =squeezes baby more against cervix =cervix stretch receptors activated more =more oxytocin released =this continues until stimulus is gone, baby has been born |
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Body Temperature |
Negative -Body temp set point of about 98.6F -97.6-99.6F -stimulus-body temp decreases or increases outside the normal range -sensors-thermoreceptors -integrating center-hypothalamus (anterior nucleus) -effectors-if body temp is too high, sweat glands; if body temp is too low, skeletal muscles -effect-return body temp to normal |
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Regulation of blood glucose |
Negative -stimulus-blood glucose outside normal range -sensor, integrating center, effector-pancreas -depending on blood glucose levels pancreas secrete: if blood glucose too high-beta cells secrete insulin-tells the body cells to take up blood glucose so that it will decrease; if blood glucose too low-Glucagon-tell the liver to break down glycogen to glucose and release, by the liver, to bloodstream to increase blood glucose -effect-blood glucose remains stable |
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Blood Pressure Change/with Posture |
Negative -stimulus-B.P is out of normal range -sensors-arteries closest to heart, aortic arch and carotid arteries baroreceptors stretch receptors -integrating center-medulla oblongata -effectors-heart -effect-increased or decreased heart rate |
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pH |
numerical scale 0-14 <7=acidic, more H+ ions 7=neutral >7=alkaline, fewer H+ ions |
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the importance of pH |
shapes/functions of molecules enzyme activity most chemical reactions in body ability of molecules to dissolve in water |
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blood pH range=7.35-7.45 |
acidosis-blood pH below 7.35 alkalosis-blood pH above 7.45 |
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blood pH outside normal range interferes with: |
-hemoglobin's oxygen carrying capacity -functions of enzymes -chemical reactions involved in homeostasis |
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Organ systems that regulate blood pH |
1. Lungs fastest to regulate blood pH 2. Kidneys 3. Liver |
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Major organic compounds |
1. carbohydrates-pastas, wheat, etc 2. lipids-butter 3. protein-meat 4. nucleic acids-DNA and RNA |
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Carbohydrates |
Simple carbohydrates -monosaccharide, single sugar unit, glucose, galactose, fructose -disaccharide, 2 sugar units, sucrose, lactose, maltose complex carbohydrates -polysaccharides-more than w sugar units, =starch-potatos, rice, bread =cellulose-plants, indigestible =glycogen-storage form of cellulose in liver and also skeletal muscles |
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Lipids |
1. Fats-triglycerides, or fatty acids -saturated fats-heart unhealthy animal based fats, solid at room temp -unsaturated fats-heart healthy plant based fats, liquid at room temp -trans fats-very heart unhealthy 2. phopholipids-cells phospholipid membrane 3. ketones =use of ketones for energy is called ketosis =a drop in blood pH from metabolizing ketones called ketoacidosis 4. prostaglandins-lipid based hormone funcitons in inflamation responsible for menstral cramps 5. steroids-hromones lipid based |
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steroids |
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol exogenous steroid-steroid outside body -anabolic steroids-synthetic testosterone -birth control hormones-estrogen and progesterone -anti inflammatory steroids-corticosteroids, hydrocortisone, prednisone, and prednisolone endogenous steroids-steroid that the body produces, cholesterol -natural cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone |
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proteins |
protein structure determines how proteins function enzymes-proteins that catalyze chemical reactions hemoglobin-protein pigment that carries O2 Insulin and glucagon antibodies-immune function acid phosphatase-protein that can show prostate cancer creatine phosphonkinase CPK-enzyme when high in blood can b associated with heart, brain, and muscle damage |
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protein disorders |
cystic fibrosis-chronic mucous in the lungs due to a homozygous recessive disorder of a protein on alveolar cells sickle cell anemia-homozygous recessive disorder of the protien in hemoglobin so hemoglobin carries less O2 and causes RBC to become sickle shaped Huntingtons chorea-protein disorder that causes motor movement problems, dominant protein disorder |
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Prion disease |
misshapen proteins that cause normal proteins to become misshapen. proteins can not function normally. |
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examples of prion diseases |
Bovine Spongioform Encephalopathy (BSE)=mad cow disease Scarpie=prion disease in sheep Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)=prion disease in deer Variant Creutzfeld Jakob Disease (vCJD)=in humans, brain shrivels |
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Monosaccharides |
single sugar unit -glucose -galactose -fructose |
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Disaccharides |
2 sugar units -sucrose -lactose -maltose |
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Polysaccharides |
more than 2 sugars -starch -cellulose -glycogen |
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fats |
triglycerides and fatty acids |
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phospholipids |
membrane |
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ketosis |
use of ketones for energy |
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ketoacidosis |
a drop in blood pH from metabolizing ketones |
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prostaglandins |
lipid based hormone. inflammation menstral cramps |
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steroids |
hormones, lipid based |
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exogenous steroid |
steroid outside body |
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anabolic steroid |
synthetic tesosterone |
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birth control hormones |
estrogen and progesterone |
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anti inflammatory steroids |
corticosteroids and hydrocortizone prednisone and prednisolone |
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endogenous steroid |
steroid that body produces naturally cholesterol =cortisol, testosterone, estrogene, progesteron |
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insulin |
blood glucose too high take up blood glucose decrease blood glucose |
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glucagon |
blood glucose too low tells liver to break down glycogen to glucose so that it is released into the blood stream |
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nursing |
1. baby sucking on nipple 2. tactile receptors 3. hypothalamus 4. supraoptic and parventricular nucleus 5. milk release from breast |
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birthing |
1. baby stretching cervix 2. stretch receptors in cervix 3. hypothalamus 4. supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus 5. strong uterin muscle contraction |
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body temperature |
1. body temp goes down or up 2. thermoreceptors 3. anterior hypothalamus 4. too high, sweat glands; too low, skeletal muscle 5. return to normal body temp |
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regulation of blood glucose |
1. blood glucose outside normal range 2. pancreas 3. blood glucose remains stable |
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blood pressure |
1. bp is out of normal range 2. arteries closest to heart aortic and carotid arteries baroreceptors 3. medulla oblongata 4. heart 5. increased or decreased heart rate |
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carbohydrates |
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides |
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lipids |
fats phospholipids ketones prostaglandins steroids |
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proteins |
enzymes hemoglobin insulin and glucagon antibodies acid phosphate creatine phosphokinase |
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cystic fibrosis |
chronic mucous in the lungs due to a homozygous recessive disorder fo a protein on alveolar cells |
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sickle cell anemia |
homozygous recessive disorder of the protein in hemoglobin |
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Huntington's chorea |
protein disorder that causes motor movement problems |
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prion disease |
misshappen proteins that cause normal proteins to become mishappen proteins cant function normall |
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bovine spongioform encephalopathy |
mad cow disease |
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scrapie |
prion disease in sheep |
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chronic wasting disease |
prion disease in deer |
