Introduction To Pathology

Front 1

Define anatomical pathology.

Back 1

Anatomical pathology is the study of gross and microscopic changes in an organ as a result of a disease process.

Front 2

Define clinical pathology.

Back 2

Clinical pathology identifies and measures cells, substances, and microorganisms in body fluids.

Front 3

Define cytopathology.

Back 3

Cytopathology is the analysis of exfoliated and aspirated cells, such as in a pap smear.

Front 4

What is a synonym for etiology?

Back 4

Cause

Front 5

Define forensic pathology.

Back 5

Forensic pathology determines the cause of death. It utilizes elements of both anatomical and clinical pathology.

Front 6

How is immunohistochemistry different from other types of staining?

Back 6

Immunohistochemistry uses antibodies conjugated to some sort of visualizing agent to identify specific proteins in a sample, rather than to get a more general picture.

Front 7

Define pathogenesis.

Back 7

Pathogenesis is the mechanism of disease development.

Front 8

Define pathophysiology.

Back 8

Pathophysiology is the functional disturbance that occurs as a result of disease.

Front 9

Define hypoxia and give an example of a condition that results from hypoxia.

Back 9

Hypoxia is inadequate oxygenation of tissues due to respiratory or circulatory defects.

Examples: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure

Front 10

What is neoplasia?

What distinguishes a benign neoplasm from a malignant one?

Back 10

A neoplasm is a tumor. A benign tumor is an expansive growth, while a malignant tumor is infiltrative.

Front 11

What is Graves disease?

Back 11

Graves disease is a form of hyperthyroidism.

Front 12

What is myxedema?

Back 12

Myxedema is a form of hypothyroidism.

Front 13

Define autopsy pathology.

Back 13

Autopsy pathology is the analysis of tissues removed after death, attempting to establish a cause of death.

Front 14

What are the seven laboratory divisions included within clinical pathology?

Back 14

1. hematology (blood cell indices)
2. urinalysis (glucose, protein)
3. chemistry (electrolytes, enzymes)
4. microbiology (bacterial culture)
5. immunology (antibodies)
6. molecular pathology (molecular and genetic mechanisms of diagnosing infectious and malignant disease)
7. transfusion medicine (blood typing and screening)

Front 15

What does Periodic-acid Schiff staining show? What color?

Back 15

Glycogen
Fungi
Carbohydrate
Basement membrane

Pink

Front 16

What does Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) staining show? What color?

Back 16

Fungi and basement membranes

Black

Front 17

What does Zhiel-Neelsen staining show? What color?

Back 17

Acid-fast bacilli (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Pink

Front 18

What does Prussian blue staining show?

Back 18

Hemosiderin/iron

Front 19

What does Masson trichrome stain? What color?

Back 19

Collagen- Green-blue
Cytoplasm- Red-brown
Nuclei- Black

Front 20

What does Congo red stain? What color?

Back 20

Amyloid

Red

(Apple green under bi-refringent light)

Front 21

What does oil red O/Sudan dye stain? What color?

Back 21

Fat in frozen sections

Red

Front 22

Differentiate between unifocal, multifocal, and diffuse lesions.

Back 22

Unifocal lesions have one discrete area of disturbance with well-defined margins.

Multifocal have multiple locations on an organ, but are each discrete and have well-defined margins.

Diffuse lesions are spread out and do not have discrete margins. They can include the entire organ.

Front 23

What is an infarct?

Back 23

An infarct is a discrete area of necrosis. It may be wedge-shaped or irregular, pale or bloody, depending on the tissue.

Front 24

How does an abscess appear at the gross level?

Back 24

An abscess is a cavity containing creamy exudate, or if the exudate is lost, it is a hollow sphere with shaggy, thin walls.

Front 25

What does a granuloma look like at the gross level?

Back 25

A granuloma appears as a cavity with a thick wall containing cheesy looking central necrosis.

Front 26

What does a benign neoplasm look like, grossly?

Back 26

A benign neoplasm is an expansile mass that may have a smooth surface or capsule. The surrounding tissue may appear compressed. Usually there is no necrosis or hemorrhage.

Front 27

What does a malignant neoplasm look like, grossly?

Back 27

A malignant neoplasm occurs as an infiltrating mass that is firmly attached to the surrounding tissues. There may be necrosis or hemorrhage, but no capsule.

Front 28

Define hypertrophy.

Back 28

Hypertrophy is increased size of an organ or tissue without cellular infiltrate or disruption of architecture.

Front 29

Define passive congestion.

Back 29

Passive congestion is enlargement of an organ due to an increased volume of blood.

Front 30

Define leukemia, as a diagnostic criteria for a diffuse lesion.

Back 30

Leukemia is the enlargement of an organ with a whitish, bulging surface and obliteration of architectural markings. It includes a white cell infiltrate.

Front 31

What does fatty change look like, grossly?

Back 31

The organ is enlarged, soft, and yellow. A cut section may feel greasy immediately after the cut is made.

Front 32

What does an organ with acute inflammation look like?

Back 32

There is a white cell infiltrate without loss of architecture. It will have hyperemia and edema.

Front 33

What does an organ with chronic inflammation look like?

Back 33

There are pale areas of scarring/fibrosis. The normal architecture is lost.