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74 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
BMR = ? + ?
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Body Weight (KG) + 24 kcals/day-kg
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What does BMR measure?
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The energy required to maintain life
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What does measuring the rate of oxygen consumption or heat production by a resting person after an overnight fast give you?
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BMR
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What is not taken into account in BMR?
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activity level
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What percentage of oxygen is used in generating energy for essential life acvitities?
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90%
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What percentages above BMR do the following activities contribute to energy consumption:
a. Sedentary b. Moderate c. Heavy |
a. Sedentary - 30%
b. Moderate - 65% c. Heavy - 100% |
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Why is only lean body mass (and not fat tissue) calculated in BMR
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because fat is not metabolically active
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What is asthenia
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weakness... loss of strength
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What is the primary problem in Lufts disease?
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The mitochondria are unable to adjust their respiratory rate according to the need for energy.
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If one's [ADP] goes up and [ATP] goes down, what effect will this have you their energy need?
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Given that
Energy = [ADP]/[ATP] The energy need will increase |
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What is the equation for respiratory control?
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RC =
(oxygen consumption when [ADP]/[ATP] is low) ÷ (oxygen consumption when [ADP]/[ATP] is high) |
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What will happen to Respiratory control as oxygen consumption is increased?
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respiratory control is lessened.
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In properly functioning mitochondria, what is the normal R.C. value?
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0.2-.06
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What does respiratory control couple?
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R.C. couples energy consumption to energy need
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What is the driving force for the aquisition of energy from fuel sources in living things?
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the formation of energetically stable endproducts, such that the carbon will be more stable in the form of CO2 and oxygen will be more stable in the form of water
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Alice = ?
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your future
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What happens in stage I of breakdown of food molecules?
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large polymeric molecules are brokendown into monomeric subunit:
proteins -> amino acids polysaccharides --> simple sugars (glucose) Fats --> fatty acids and glycerol |
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What happens in stage II of the breakdown of food molecules?
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monomeric subunits enter the cytoplasm for futher degradation, e.g., glucose is converted to pyruvate (ATP is produced); glycolysis
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What happens in stage III of the breakdown of food molecules?
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After entering the mitochondria pyruvate is converted to acetylCoA, where it is completely oxidized to to water and carbon dioxide (along with the production of ATP); TCA cycle and ETC
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Why do fats contain more potential energy than sugars or proteins?
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sugars and proteins are partially oxidized... fats are in a reduced state
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What are the energy yields of the complete oxidation of 1 gram of the following to carbon dioxide?
a. carbohydrate b. protein c. fat |
a. carbohydrate - 4.2 kcals
b. protein - 4.2 kcals c. fat - 9.5 kcals |
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How do you determine Respiratory quotient?
R.Q. = ? |
R.Q. = (CO2 expired) ÷ (O2 consumed)
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How and why is R.Q. used?
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Take a balanced equation and determine the R.Q. using the given oxygen used and carbon dioxide produced. This tells us the type of fuel preferentially used by tissues
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What type of fuel source does an R.Q. of the following represent?
a. R.Q. = 1.0 b. R.Q. = .75 c. R.Q. = .7 |
a. R.Q. = 1.0 --> sugar
b. R.Q. = .75 --> non-protein c. R.Q. = .7 --> fat |
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What percentage of energy from fuel is extracted in the mitochondria?
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90%
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What happens to sperm mitochondria?
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It is ubiquinated at the 4-8 cell stage of embryonic development. (This will not happen if the species are different.)
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What size molecule can enter the outer membrane of the mitochondria?
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MW of 5,000
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What makes the inner membrane of the mitochondria impermeable to ions and polar molecules?
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cardiolipin, a dimer which accounts for 10% of the inner membrane lipid content
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What do you find in the mitochondrial matrix?
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Enzymes of the citric cycle, ribosomes, tRNAs, and mitochondrial DNA
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Do mitochondrial DNA code for the same amino acids as nuclear DNA and/or the same amino acid in all species?
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No
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What are the kcals/g for carbs, protein and fats?
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Carbs & protein: 4.2 kcal/g… fats: 9.5 kcals/g
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What is the byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation?
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H2O
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What is the byproduct of glycolysis of glycolysis and the Kreb cycle?
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CO2
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which products are yielded from glycolysis?
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NADH, ATP and pyruvate
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What is the total yield of NADH per molecule of glucose in glycolysis + TCA cycle?
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8 NADH
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None
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What is the net yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?
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30 ATP
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None
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What is the total yield of pyruvate per molecule of glucose?
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2
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What is the net yield of NADHper glucose?
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2 NADH
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Give the balanced equation for glycolysis.
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2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2H+
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What is the byproduct of protein metabolism?
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NH3
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Which molecule do protein, carbs and fats converge upon?
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acetyl CoA
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1)Between carbs, proteins, and fats, which exists in a less oxidized state? 2) what is the consequequence of this on the estimated energy usage (R.C.)?
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fats… 2) fats are less oxidized and thus have a higher R.C. (R.C. = ADP/ATP @low/ ADP/ATPhigh
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None
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Give the balanced equation for the Kreb (citric) cycle.
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acetyl CoA + 3 NAD + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O + 1 CoA-Sh--> 2 CoA-Sh + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + FADH2 + GTP + 2CO2 + 1 H2)
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What do NADH and FADH2 transport?
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electrons
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Which requires more oxygen to be metabolized, carbs or fats? Why?
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fats, since they exist in a less oxidated state
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What happens in stage I of fuel metabolism?
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basic (large polymeric) fuels like carbs, fats, and proteins are broken down to monomers
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None
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In what state do carbs, fats and proteins enter the cell?
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carbs: simple sugars… fats: fatty acids (& glycerol)… protein: amino acids
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What happens in stage II of fuel metabolism?
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fuel monomers are transported into the cell and undergo futher breakdown (eg., glycolysis)
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What happens in stage III of fuel metabolism?
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The complete Break down of Acetyl-CoA → ATP + H2O + CO2
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What is BMR?
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The amount of energy (in kcals) required to sustain life (per day) = kcals/day
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What is BMR a measurement of?
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Rate at which oxygen is consumed or heat given off by a resting person after a night's sleep.
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what is the general equation (for a normal individual) for BMR?
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BMR (kcals/day)= body weight (kg) x 24 kcals/day/kg
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As a percentage of BMR, what is the average energy expenditure for sedentary, moderate and heavy activity
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Sedentary: 130% BMR… Moderate: 165% BMR… Heavy: 200% BMR
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What percentage of oxygen is used to generate energy?
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90%
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What is an equivalent way of expressing BMR?
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O2-mL/min/kg (lean body mass)
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What is respiratory control (R.C) used to measure?
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energy usage
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What two things does R.C. demonstrate the relationship between?
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energy generation and energy need
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Energy generation = ?
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Energy generation = rate of respriation (O2 consumption)
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Energy need = ?
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Energy need = [ADP]/[ATP]
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R.C. =?
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(O2 consumption when the [ADP]/[ATP] is LOW) ÷ ……..(O2 consumption when the [ADP]/[ATP] is HIGH)
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Give the unbalanced equation for oxidative phosphorylation.
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ADP + H+ (NADH and FADH2) + Pi +O2 --> ATP + H2O + (NAD and FAD)
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When energy need is high, which concentration should their be higher [ATP] or [ADP]?... 2) Which does the high energy ADP/ATP concentrations effect the numerator or the demoninator of the R.C.?... 3) In normally functioning mitochondria, does a high [ADP] compared to [ATP] during low energy need lead to a large or small RC?
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1) [ADP] 2) denominator... 3) small
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When energy need is low, which concentration should their be higher [ATP] or [ADP]?... 2) What does the high energy ADP/ATP concentrations effect the numerator or the demoninator of the R.C.?... 3) In normally functioning mitochondria, does a high [ADP] compared to [ATP] during high energy need lead to a large or small RC?
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1) [ATP]... 2) denominator... 3) small
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1. What does R.C. stand for?
2. What does it couple? |
1. Repriatory control.
2. Energy need to energy generation |
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Which of the following do R.Q.s of 1.0 and 0.75 coincide with - Liver, Brain, or Muscle?
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Brain = 1.0 R.Q.
Liver = .75 R.Q. Muscle = 0.75 R.Q. |
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Where in the mitochondria is ATP concentration the greatest?
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sites of high ATP utilization
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Which have more mitochondria, RBC or Liver cells?
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RBCs have zero mitochondria... Liver: 1000-2000 mitochondria
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T/F: mitochondria take up a small portion of the cytoplasm?
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false, substantial
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T/F: Upon fertilization, the human sperm does not deliver mitochondria to the egg.
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False, sperm delivers one mitochondria, however it is ubiquinated.
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1) What limits the size of molecules permeating the outer mitochondrial membrane?
2) What size molecule (in molecular weight) can enter the outer mitochondrial membrane? |
1) Porin
2) 5,000 |
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1) Can ion or polar molecules cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?
2) What regulates entry into the matrix? |
1) no
2) cardiolin (made of diphosphotidylglycerol... thus tightly packed) |
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Give 3 examples of things mitochondrial DNA code for.
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m-ribosomes, ATP synthase, mtRNA
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What does UGA code for in universal DNA and in mitochondrial DNA?
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Mitochondrial UGA = Trp
Universal UGA = Stop codon |
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Give two examples of disease passed on through mitochondrial DNA
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deafness, Alzheimer's
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