Introduction To Microbiology And Disease

Front 1

What is bacteria?

Back 1

Simple celled micro organism that is found everywhere.

Front 2

Pathogenic bacteria...

Back 2

Causes disease

i.e. Strep throat, meningitis

Front 3

What is a virus?

Back 3

Not a cell - smaller/simpler

Need a host to live

i.e. AIDS, chicken pox

Front 4

What are protozoa?

Back 4

Single celled animal amoeba
Free living in fresh/salt water
Eat fungi, bacteria, etc

i.e. malaria

Front 5

Define fungi

Back 5

Uni or multi cellular
Decompose organic matter/help recycle nutrients

i.e. mold, mushrooms

Front 6

Worms are...

Back 6

Multi cellular
Free living, non pathogenic
Found in soil, dead matter, smaller living things

Front 7

Genus

Back 7

First, capitalized, larger

Front 8

Species

Back 8

Second, not capitalized, smaller

Front 9

Normal Flora

Back 9

Micro organisms that live on and in us
Non-pathogenic

Front 10

Resident Flora

Back 10

Live on/in us...nearly everyone almost all the time

Ex. E-coli

Front 11

Opportunist

Back 11

Harmless species - can become pathogen in special circumstances

Front 12

Transient Flora

Back 12

Found in/on body - micro - not adapted
Can cause harm

Front 13

Infectious disease

Back 13

Caused by micro organisms (pathogens) or by products (toxins)

Front 14

Virulence

Back 14

Ability of the pathogen to cause disease

Front 15

Resistance

Back 15

Body's defense against pathogens

Front 16

Defenses against pathogens

Back 16

-Intact skin
-Mucus membrane
-Sweeping cillia
-Adaquet nutrition
-Immunity

Front 17

Clinical

Back 17

Measurable signs

Ex. fever

Front 18

Sub-clinical

Back 18

No symptoms

Ex. HIV+

Front 19

Reservoirs

Back 19

Source of infection

Front 20

Course of infectious disease

Back 20

-Incubation
-Prodromal
-Self limiting

Front 21

Incubation

Back 21

Before symptoms occur

Front 22

Prodromal

Back 22

Vague symptoms

Ex. cold

Front 23

Self limiting

Back 23

Lasts a certain length of time

Front 24

Types of infection

Back 24

-Localized
-Systemic
-Bacteremia and septicmia
-Acute
-Chronic
-Secondary
-Nosocomial
-Endogenous

Front 25

Localized Infection

Back 25

Continued in one area of the body

Ex. throat infection

Front 26

Systemic Infection

Back 26

Throughout body

Ex. lymph/blood

Front 27

Bacteremia and septicmia

Back 27

Microbes in the blood - large amount

Front 28

Acute Infection

Back 28

Begins suddenly - severe

Ex. appendicitus

Front 29

Chronic Infection

Back 29

Slow, around for a long time

Ex. Mononucleosis

Front 30

Secondary Infection

Back 30

Made possible by a primary infection that has lowered host resistance

Front 31

Nosocomial Infection

Back 31

Acquired in hospital/nursing home

Front 32

Endogenous Infection

Back 32

Nosocomial infection caused by patient's normal flora

Front 33

Epidemiology

Back 33

Study of the patterns and spread of disease within a population

Front 34

Epidemic

Back 34

An outbreak of disease

Front 35

Endemic

Back 35

Disease that is present in a population with an expected number of cases

Front 36

Pandemic

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Epidemic that will spread to several countries

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Portal of Entry

Back 37

The way pathogens enter the host

-Natural body openings (mouth,anus,vagina,urethra)
-open skin,inhalation,sexual activity

Front 38

Portal of Exit

Back 38

The way pathogens leave the body

-Urine, feces, sexual activity, coughing droplets

Front 39

Reservoirs of Infection

Back 39

Some can only cause disease in people - disease is residing

Front 40

Carrier

Back 40

Carries the disease out

No symptoms

Front 41

Zoonoses

Back 41

Carries disease from animals to people

Front 42

Spread of Infection

Back 42

*Non-communicable
*Communicable
*Fomite
*Contagious

Front 43

Non-communicable

Back 43

Resident species causes disease under certain conditions or in which a non-resident species causes disease when it enters the body

Front 44

Communicable

Back 44

Pathogen may be transmitted directly or indirectly from host to host

Front 45

Fomite

Back 45

Inanimate object that carries the disease

Front 46

Contagious

Back 46

Spreads very easily

Front 47

Methods to Control of Microbes

Back 47

-Antiseptics
-Disinfectant
-Bactericide
-Bacteriostatic

Front 48

Antiseptic

Back 48

Chemical that destroys bacteria or inhibits their growth in a living being (skin surface)

Front 49

Disinfectant

Back 49

Chemical that is used on inanimate objects

Front 50

Bactericide

Back 50

Kills bacteria by disrupting important metabolic processes

Front 51

Bacteriostatic

Back 51

Chemicals do not destroy bacteria - stops reproduction

Front 52

Sterilization

Back 52

Process that destroys all living organisms

Front 53

Autoclave

Back 53

Chamber in which steam is generated under pressure

Front 54

Public Health Measures

Back 54

-Emerging diseases
-Safe food/drinking water
-Prepare defense against use of biological weapons

Front 55

Pathogens - bacteria

Back 55

-Prokaryote
-Eucaryote

Front 56

Prokaryote

Back 56

No definite organelles

Ex. bacteria

Front 57

Eucaryote

Back 57

Definite organelles

Ex. human cell

Front 58

Classification of Bacteria

Back 58

-Morphology
-Staining
-Mobility
-Growth
-Atmospheric conditions
-Nutritional requirements
-Biochemical/metabolic activities
-Pathogenicity
-Amino acid sequencing of proteins

Front 59

Morphology

Back 59

Classification of bacteria

Front 60

Staining

Back 60

Gram +,-

Used to identify bacteria by thickness of cell wall

Front 61

Mobility

Back 61

How they move

Front 62

Growth

Back 62

How they reproduce

Front 63

Atmospheric Conditions

Back 63

Whether it needs oxygen or not

Front 64

Nutritional Requirements

Back 64

What it needs to grow/substain life

Front 65

Biochemical and Metabolic Activities

Back 65

How fast it grows/reproduces

Ex. toxins/endotoxins

Front 66

Pathogenicity

Back 66

Whether or not it causes disease

Front 67

Amino Acid

Back 67

Subunit of a protein

C H O N

Front 68

Capsule

Back 68

-Seen in bacilli/coccus
-Gelatnous sheath that closes the entire cell
-Inhibits phagocytosis
-Protects bacteria

Front 69

Spore

Back 69

-Hard shell

-Allows micro organisms to lay dormant

Front 70

Toxins

Back 70

-Chemical produced by
-Harmful to host tissue
-Bacteria produces secretion

Front 71

Neurotoxins

Back 71

Special chemicals - harm nerve tissue

Front 72

Endotoxins

Back 72

Gram - bacteria

-Causes fever/circulatory shock
-Drop of blood sugar

Front 73

Rickettsia

Back 73

-Obligate intracellular parasites
-Reproduce only within living cell of the host parasites of mammals including people
-Spread by anthropod vectors

Ex. lyme disease

Front 74

Chlamydia

Back 74

-Sexually transmitted disease
-No symptoms
-Causes sterility

Front 75

Antibiotics

Back 75

-Chemicals that inhibit/disrupt chemical reactions of bacteria
-Others stop DNA/protein synthesis
-Damage liver, kidneys, bone marrow

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Broad Spectrum

Back 76

Kills many kinds of bacteria

Front 77

Narrow Spectrum

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Kills specific kinds of bacteria

Front 78

Resistance

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Bacteria are able to produce an enzyme

Front 79

Culture and Sensitivity Testing

Back 79

-Lab procedure done before antibiotic is chosen

-Test to grow microbe

Front 80

Viruses (1)

Back 80

-Not cells
-Consist of DNA/RNA
-Surrounded by protein shell
-No cytoplasms, enzymes, cell membrane
-Can only reproduce within host
-Causes initial infection, lay dormant, reappear months/years later

Ex. chicken pox to shingles

Front 81

Viruses (2)

Back 81

-Identified by protein shell
-Some are self-limiting
-Severity depends on amount of cells affected
-Intracellular parasite
-100's from 1 host
-Some passed through placenta to unborn child
-Few known to be tumors

Front 82

Antiviral Medications (Treatment Difficult Due To)

Back 82

-Viruses are active only within cells
-Simple structure - not normal cell
-Use host cells - DNA/enzymes for cell replication

Kills virus, kills DNA of host cell

Front 83

Zidovudine (AZT)

Back 83

AIDS - controls - $1,000's/month

Front 84

Acyclovir

Back 84

Herpes

Front 85

Saprophytes

Back 85

Live on dead, organic material - decompose - recycle chemicals

Front 86

Pathogenic saprophytes

Back 86

Cause infection on skin, throughout body

Front 87

candida Albicans

Back 87

Resident flora of skin

Front 88

Pneumocystic Carinii

Back 88

Pneumonia seen in AIDS victims, not normal system

Front 89

Coccus

Back 89

Round shaped cells

Front 90

Bacillus

Back 90

Rod-shaped cells

Front 91

Spirillum

Back 91

Coiled shells

Front 92

Strepto

Back 92

Chains

Front 93

Staphylo

Back 93

Clusters

Front 94

Vector

Back 94

Carrier