Introduction To Metabolism Biochemistry

Front 1

Fed state characteristics glucose

Back 1

glucose in blood causes the release of insulin which turns glucose to glycogen
glucose goes straight to brain
glucose goes to fat
glucose goes to glycogen in muscle
goes to RBCs and produces lactate

Front 2

Fed state characteristics amino acids

Back 2

goes to pyruvate in liver
to protein synth in liver and all tissues
turns into urea

Front 3

Dietary lipids

Back 3

absorbed as chylomicrons
needed for triacylglycerols

Front 4

lactate

Back 4

from muscles and RBCs
sent back to liver to be oxidized to pyruvate and then further or turned into fat

Front 5

Triacylglycerols

Back 5

comes from eaten lipids
components of chylomicrons
Free fatty acids and glycerol make them up
complexed to proteins to form very low density lipoproteins VLDL. stored

Hint 5

FFA are used by muscles in beta oxidation

Front 6

Summary of Fed state (5)

Back 6

1Liver uses eaten glucose and AA for energy needs and converts them to glycogen, fat, and protein.
2Brain oxidizes glucose completely
3- RBC oxidize glucose to lactate
4- Muscle converts glu to lactate and FFA to CO2. Excess glucose converted to glycogen.
5- Adipose stores dietary fat as TAG

Front 7

Fast state
NEEDS TO GET SUGAR TO RBCs AND BRAIN

Back 7

Cori cycle?
glycogen to glucose
lactate to glucose
muscle break down protein to alanine to make glucose (proteolysis) Alanine cycle

Hint 7

Cori cycle is movement of lactate to liver for conversion to glucose

Front 8

Chief source of energy in liver and muscle during fast

Back 8

beta oxidation of fatty acids

ketogenesis?

Hint 8

longer fast can't keep up overflows TCA cycle and ketone bodies go to brain and muscle so that RBCs can have glucose ketone bodies increase overnight

Front 9

the delta G equation

Back 9

Delta G= -RTlnKeq

Hint 9

spontaneous at negative delta G so Positive K ( products favored) is a negative delta G

Front 10

substrate level phosphorylation

Back 10

things other than ATP used as energy sources

Front 11

NADH
FAD

Back 11

NADH2
FADH
used in red/ox reactions that then go to make more ATP
Used to oxidize and take the electron

Front 12

Acetic acid ?

Back 12

not reactive until bound to CoA
Acetyl CoA the CROSS ROAD FOR ALL METABOLISM

Front 13

Reversible Phosphorylation (3AA)

Back 13

serine threonine tyrosine
add remove a phosphate from them with kinases and phosphatases
Tyrosine phos is more rare then Thr or Ser

Front 14

Mech for Regulating Metabolic Pathways (4)

Back 14

Reversible Phos
Allosteric
Change in enzyme levels
compartmentilization

Front 15

Allosteric Regulation

Back 15

small molecules bind to non active site to regulate enzyme

Front 16

Changes in Enzyme level

Back 16

induction-needed
not needed-repression

Front 17

Compartmentilization

Back 17

same intermediates used in different areas to prevent competition ( Fatty acid synthesis occurs in cytosol while oxidation occurs in mitochondrion