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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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metabolism |
all chemical reactions in an organism |
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metabolic pathway |
series of steps |
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catabolic pathway |
breakdown and degrade |
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anabolic pathway |
building synthesis |
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kinetic energy |
energy of motion |
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potential energy |
stored energy |
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chemical enegy |
energy in bonds |
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thermal energy |
random movement of atoms or molecules heat= thermal energy transferred |
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1st law of thermodynamics |
law of conservation of energy energy cannot be created or destroy, but it can change form |
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2nd law of thermodynamics |
when energy changes form some is always lost as heat (unusable) |
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Entropy |
disorder always increasing |
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Free energy G |
energy available for work measure of stability, low G is more stable |
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Negative change in G |
Spontaneous system goes from high to low free energy |
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Positive change in G |
not spontaneous system goes from low to high, requires energy input |
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Exergonic |
Energy reaction energy is released reactants G > products of G change in G = negative ex: cell respiration |
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Endergonic |
Energy reaction energy is required reactants G < products of G change in G is positive ex: photosynthesis |
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Energy Coupling |
Exergonic & endergonic at same time (coupled) Use energy of an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
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ATP |
used in energy coupling high energy |
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ADP |
lower energy |
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Energy and Work |
ATP + H2O -------> ADP + Pi
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Phosphorylated intermediate
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Molecule that receives the Pi from ATP
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Pi
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causes shape change
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Energy of Activation (Ea)
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Energy needed for a reaction to start
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Enzyme
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Protein
Acts as a catalyst Lowers the activation energy (Ea) Speeds reaction |
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Substrate
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The reactant that an enzyme acts on
Forms an enzyme-substrate complex Substrate converts into product |
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Active site
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Location on enzyme where substrate binds
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Induced fit
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Enzyme shape moves slightly to mold to substrate
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Enzymes
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Enzymes remain unchanged by reaction Able to catalyze reaction over & over
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
pH & temperature |
Affect the shape of enzyme Optimal pH & temperature works best (fastest)Extreme pH & temp can denature the enzyme
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
Cofactors |
non-protein helper, bound to enzyme
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
Coenzyme |
an organic cofactor
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
Inhibitors |
Block enzyme activity
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
Competitive inhibition |
blocks active site
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
Noncompetitive inhibition |
binds to another site (allosteric site)
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
Allosteric Regulation |
Regulatory molecule binds enzyme
Can activate or inhibit enzyme |
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
Cooperativity |
Binding of 1 substrate increases enzymes activity at other active sites
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Feedback inhibition
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End product switches off early enzyme
Prevents waste |
