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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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language
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system of signs used to communicate; form + meaning
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properties of human language
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1. displacement 2. arbitrariness
3. cultural transmission 4. discreteness 5. duality 6. productivity 7. rule-governed |
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displacement
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language communicates things which are displaced in space and time
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arbitrariness
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physical form of sign doesn't need to have a connection with expressed concept
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cultural transmission
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lang. passed from one generation to the next. Humans believed to have innate predisposition to language learning(LAD)
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discreteness
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Language consists of distinct units. Speakers can identify the sound segments in the words of their language
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duality
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1. have meaningful units (tabletop = table + top).
2. elements contained in these units do not carry meaning themselves ( /t/ + /o/ + /p/ = top) |
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productivity
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finite units --> infinite utterances
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rule-governed
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rules specify in which way linguistic units may be combined
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Phonetics
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study of the speech sounds of a language, including their description, classification, and transcription
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Phonology
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study of the sound system of a language; what sounds exist and how they are combined
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Morphology
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study of the internal structure of words; how new words can be formed
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Syntax
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study of the structure of sentences
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Semantics
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study of meaning in language
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Linguistic Competence
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speaker’s tacit knowledge of the grammatical rules and lexicon of a language
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Linguistic Performance
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what the speaker actually produces when applying linguistic competence
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Langue vs. Parole
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Langue: abstract linguistic system is the knowledge of a language shared by all
Parole: the speakers’ concrete utterances |
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Main Linguistic Branches
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1. General/Theoretical
2. Descriptive 3. Diachronic 4. Synchronic 5. Contrastive 6. Comparative |
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General/Theoretical linguistics
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study competence, language universals
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Descriptive linguistics
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study performance; facts of a particular language
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Diachronic linguistics
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study language change
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Synchronic linguistics
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study language at a particular point in time
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Contrastive linguistics
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study dif. between languages
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Comparative linguistics
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study common characteristics; ex. look for a common ancestor language
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Psycholinguistics
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study relation between linguistic behavior and the psychological processes thought to underlie that behavior. Important sub-branch: language acquisition
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What branch of linguistics would ask: How did people perceive carrots before the word orange was invented in the 16th century?
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Psycholinguistics
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Sociolinguistics
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studies the relationship between language and society, including regional, social, and functional variation
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Diachronic Linguistics
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aka historical linguisitics
studies the development of language over time |
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What branch of linguistics uses collections of documents as a means of verifying hypotheses about language?
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Corpus Linguistics
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What branch of linguistics would ask: How has the style of medical texts changed over time?
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Diachronic Linguistics
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Pragmatics
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Study of language from the point of view of the users, i.e. choices they make, constraints they encounter in social interaction, their intentions and the effects of their use of language in an act of communication
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"Can you go to the party?"
"I have to work" What branch of linguistics would find this exchange particularly interesting? |
Pragmatics
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When was Old English prominent?
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450-1066: Germanic tribes settled England and suppressed the Celtic language
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When was Middle English prominent?
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1100-1450: 1066 Norman the Conquerer, Norman ruling class spoke French
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When was Early-Modern English prominent?
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1450-1700: 1476 William Caxton introduced the printing press
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When did Modern English gain prominence?
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1700
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What branch of linguistics would find the presence of "th" in English, but not in German, interesting?
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Contrastive Linguistics
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When did the Great Vowel Shift occur?
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1450-1700
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What are 4 premises of Generative Linguistics?
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1. Principles: languages share the same basic foundations
2. Parameters: explain differences in languages 3. innateness: humans innately "know" their language and do not need to learn it through exposure 4. pro-drop parameters |
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Typological classification
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classification of languages according to their structural characteristics, such as similar sound pattern or similar word order
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Genetic classification
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classification of languages according to their descent
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From what languages does English descend?
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1.Germanic -> 2.West-Germanic
-> 3.Angelo-Frisian -> 4.English |
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Phonetics
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study of speech sounds, including their description, classification, transcription
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phone
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smallest sound unit which can be identified in human speech
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About how many phones does English have?
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~35
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What are the three regions of the tongue from front to back?
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tip, body, root
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4 Active articulators
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(movable) lips, tongue, velum, vocal cords
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3 Passive articulators
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(non-movable)teeth, alveolar ridge, palate
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Consonant characteristics
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-blockage or friction
-described by place, manner, and voicing |
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Vowel characteristics
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-NO blockage or friction
-described by height, tongue position, lip shape, and distinction (tense vs. lax) |
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Bilabial
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articulation involves closure or near closure of the lips
[p] [b] [m] peer, bin, mouth |
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Labiodental
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articulation involves upper teeth and lower lips
[f] [v] fire, vow |
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Interdental
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tongue is placed between the upper and the lower teeth
this (voiced), thing (voiceless) |
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Alveolar
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tongue touches or is brought near the alveolar ridge, which is located just behind the upper teeth
[d] [t] [s] [z] [l] [n] deer, top, soap, zip, lip, neck |
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Palato-alveolar
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tongue is placed on or near the palate, which is the highest part of the roof of the mouth
[S] [Z] [tS] [dZ] [j] show, measure, chip, judge, yes |
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Velar
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tongue touches or is brought near the area of the velum, which is the soft area towards the rear of the roof of the mouth
[g] [k] ["ng"] [w] guy, call, hang,wet |
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Glottal
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involve the vocal folds as primary articulators
[h], [ʔ] glottal stop hug, co-operate |
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Nasals
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velum is lowered, flow of air through the mouth is blocked completely, letting air pass through the nose
[m] [n] ["ng"] |
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Stops (Plosives)
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articulation involves a complete closure in the vocal tract with a subsequent sudden release
[t] [d] [k] [g] [p] [b] [ʔ] |
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Fricatives
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tream of air is forced through a narrow opening made by placing articulators close together, producing a sound of friction
[S] [Z] [f] [v] ["th" voiced] ["th" voiceless] [s] [z] [h] |
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Affricates
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stream of air is first completely obstructed and then gradually released, producing a sound of friction(=stops which turn into fricatives)
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Glides
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articulation is similar to the one of vowels except that the opening through which the stream of air passes is slightly smaller
[j], [w] |
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Liquids
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stream of air is only partially obstructed by the tongue without producing friction
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Liquid laterals
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Laterals: air escapes through the mouth along the lowered sides of the tongue: [l]
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Liquid Rhotics
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Rhotics: articulators are brought close together while leaving enough space for air to escape without causing friction: [r]
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Voiced
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sounds produced with the vocal cords brought close together but not tightly closed, air passing through them causes them to vibrate
[b] [d] [g] [m] [n] [N] [v] [ð] [z] [Z] [dZ] [l] [r] [j] [w] |
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Voiceless
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sounds produced with the vocal cords pulled apart, air passing directly through the glottis
[p] [t] [k] [f] [T] [s] [f] [S] [tS] [h] |
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tense vowels
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onger, tongue causes more vocal tract constriction, indicated by colon
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lax vowels
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shorter, tongue causes less vocal tract constriction
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Diphthongs
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vowels with a noticeable change in quality during one syllable
1. centering 2. closing |
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Centring Diphthongs
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tongue moves into a central position
[I@] beer [U@] sure [e@] air [O@] shore |
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Closing Diphthongs
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tongue moves into a high position
[eI] way [aI] my [OI] boy [@U] low [aU] mouse |
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Phoneme
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-smallest meaning differentiating sound unit -abstract contrastive sound unit
-Phonemes do not carry meaning, they distinguish meaning. |
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Minimal Pair
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two words which have a different meaning and which differ by only one segment occurring in the same position in each word
pit bit sit set hit hip |
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Phones
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concrete realizations of phonemes in actual speech
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