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359 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is an atom?
An Atom is the smallest particle of a substance.
What is an electron?
Electrons are negatively charged particles.
What is a proton?
Protons are positively charged particles.
What is a stable atom?
Electrons equal protons.
What is the Law of Charges?
Like charges repel.
Unlike charges attract.
The "glue" that holds atoms together.
What is an electron shell?
Each shell (orbit) can hold a set number of electrons.
When a shell fills, no more electrons can enter.
An electron can be removed from a full shell but it takes a lot of energy to do so.
What is current?
Current is a flow of electrons from one point to another.
What is an amp?
Ampere (Amp) is the unit of measure for this electron flow. (Measurement of current)
What is potential?
Potential is the difference in electrical charge between two bodies.
What is a volt?
Volt is the unit of measurement of the potential.
What is resistance?
The opposition offered by a substance or body to the passage of an electric current.
What is an ohm?
What resistance is measured in.
What is the difference between a parallel circuit and a series circuit?
Parallel
-Multiple paths from source to load and back.
-If one component fails other components still work.
-More components don't require more voltage but consume more energy - A circuit that will power 1 lamp for 6 hours will power 2 lamps for 3 hours.

Series Circuit
-One path from source to load and back.
-Continuous loop - Breaking the circuit at any point disrupts the entire circuit.
-One current in the circuit.
What is a load in an electrical circuit?
A device that uses electricity to perform some function.
Converts electrical energy to light, heat or mechanical energy.
What are the three wires used in a typical AC Circuit and what are they used for?
Neutral
-Return path for current.

Hot
-Alternates between positive and negative voltage 60 times a second, 60Hz

Ground
Carries current away under fault conditions.
What are three types of connectors used on lighting fixtures?
Edison Connector
Twist Lock
Stage Pin
What is the typical wiring of an Edison connector?
Edison Connector:
Hot Prong
-Smaller Slot
-Black wire to gold screw
Neutral Prong
-Longer
-White wire to silver screw
Ground Prong
-Rounded hole
-Green wire to green screw
What does Ohm's law measure?
Voltage = pressure, more pressure means more electrons flowing.
Resistance = opposition, more opposition means less electrons flowing.
What is the formula for power consumption?
W = V x A
W = power in watts (the amount of electrical energy converted or consumed)
V = voltage in volts
A = current in amperes
Determine how many amps are needed to run 96 2.4k dimmers at 120v.
a
What does light do?
It makes objects visible.
What are 4 properties of light that influence the way we perceive an object?
Intensity
Color
Sharpness
Angle
Why can light be considered a particle?
-An object in the path of a beam of light casts a sharp shadow.
-Particles travel in straight lines.
-Waves would bend around the object.
-Light can travel through a vacuum (particles can, waves can't)
-If light were a wave, increasing the intensity would increase the energy of the electron
-Changing the intensity of light does not increase the energy (speed) of the electrons
-Changing the frequency of the wave changes the number of electrons bing emitted
What experiment done by Albert Einstein proved that light was a particle?
a
Why can light be considered a wave?
Diffraction
Reflection
Refraction
What are the properties of a wave?
Diffraction
Reflection
Refraction
What does diffraction mean?
-Waves change direction as they pass from one medium to another
-Wave Particle Duality
What does reflection mean?
Waves that pass through a slit or around an object will fill in behind the object or slit.
What does refraction mean?
Waves bend as they pass from 1 medium to another.
What is the visible spectrum?
400 - 700 nanometers
What does a reflector do?
-Collects light
-Redirect light
-Create point source
How does a reflector work?
Follow Law of Specular Reflection
Point of Incidence
Normal
Angle of Incidence
Angle of Reflection
What is the point of incidence?
a
What is the angle of incidence?
It is the angle between normal and the incoming light ray.
What is the angle of reflection?
a
What are three examples of a specular reflector?
Spherical Reflector
Parabolic Reflector
Asymmetrical Reflector
What does a diffuse reflector do?
Spreads light over a large area, maximum dispersion or rays
Give an example of one type of near zero reflector.
Ellipsoidal Reflector
Name three types of reflectors commonly used in lighting fixtures.
Spherical Reflector
Parabolic Reflector
Asymmetrical Reflector
What does an ellipsoidal reflector do?
Reflects light to a secondary point
What does a spherical reflector do?
Reflect beams 180 degrees back to source.
What is the focal length of a lens?
Distance from optical center to principal foci.
What does a parabolic reflector do?
Reflects light rays parallel to each other.
What does a lense do?
Bend light
Focus light
What is refraction?
The bending of light.
What is the speed of light?
186,200 miles/second
What is optical density?
-The speed of light in a medium
-186,200 miles/second in a vacuum
-Slows when passing through matter
-Index of Refraction
What three conditions influence the bending of light through a lens?
-Ratio between incidences of refraction
-Difference in angles of normal
-Wavelength of light
What types of lenses do we use in lighting fixtures?
Positive (converging) lenses.
What type of lens is a plano convex lens?
-Positive spherical lens
Name the conventional fixtures commonly used in theatre
-Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight (ERS), Leko
-Fresnels
-Par Cans
-Cyc Lights
-Strip Lights
-Scoops
-Follow Spots
What does ERS stand for?
Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight
What type of lense is used in an ERS?
Plano-convex
What is the part of the optic train where gobos and shutters are placed called?
a
What are ERS fixtures commonly used for?
Front Lights
Key Lights
Specials
Pattern Projectors
Follow Spots
Wash lights
Effect Projectors
What was the Fresnel lens originally developed for?
For use in Lighthouses.
What is special about the Fresnel lens?
Waffle Pattern on the glass, it is a step lens that retains plano-convex properties.
What type of light is produced by a Fresnel lens?
Wash Lights
Soft Spots
Large Pools
Scenery Lights
Down Lights
What type of reflector is used in a Fresnel fixture?
True Circular Radius Reflector
What is a Fresnel commonly used for?
Wash Lights
Soft Spots
Large Pools
Scenery Lights
Down Lights
What type of lamp is used in a Par Can?
Sealed Beam Lamp
What type of reflector is used in a Par lamp?
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector
How do you focus a Par Can?
Spin the bottle in the back, it is oval, can have either vertical or horizontal
What are the lamp designations used in standard Par Cans?
NSP, VNSP, MFL, WFL
What are Par Cans typically used for?
Wash lights
What type of lights would you use to light a back-drop?
Strip Lights
What is a strip light used for?
Used for broad washes
Backdrop lighting
What is a scoop used for?
General wash
A follow-spot is focused using what?
A trombone
Color in a follow spot is held in what device?
Boomerang
How many hot legs in a single phase system?
2 hot legs, 180 degrees out of phase
What is the voltage across hots in a single phase system?
Reading between hot legs is 240v
What is the voltage across hots in a single phase system?
Heavy duty circuit - 240v
-Both hot legs
How many wires in a single phase system?
Four Total Wires (ground, neutral, and hot wires 1 &2)
What are the standard wire colors in a single phase system?
Ground Wire - Green
Neutral Wire - White
Hot Leg - Black
Hot Leg - White
How many hot legs in a three phase system?
3 Hot Legs - 120 Degrees Out of Phase
What is the voltage from neutral to hot in a three phase system?
Reading from either hot to neutral is 120v.
What is the voltage across hot legs in a three phase system?
Reading between hot legs is 208v.
How many wires in a three phase system?
Five Total Wires (ground, neutral, and hot wires 1-3)
What are the standard wire colors in a three phase system?
Ground Wire - Green
Neutral Wire - White
Hot Leg 1 - Black
Hot Leg 2 - Red
Hot Leg 3 - Blue
What do circuit breakers do?
-Cut power when current level is too high, overloading a circuit, shorting a circuit, power surge
-Important safety devices
How does a magnetic circuit breaker work?
Whenever there is too much current running through it, the electromagnet turns on and trips the breaker.
What are pig tails in a lighting system?
-Out of distro box
-Bare ends to lug
-Cams to distro
-Or Cam to Cam
What does feeder cable do?
-Cam to cam
-From pig tails to rack
What are the standard gauges of feeder cable?
4/0 & 2/0
What is the standard phase distribution in a dimmer rack?
Dimmers 1 & 2 on phase 1
Dimmers 3 & 4 on phase 2
Dimmers 5 & 6 on phase 3
What styles of racks do dimmers come in?
-Portable Racks
-Touring Racks
-Installed Racks
What are standard rack configuration sizes?
Groups of 6
-12 dimmers
-24 dimmers
-48 dimmers
-96 dimmers
What are standard dimmer power sizes?
1200w or 2400w (1.2k or 2.4k)
What does 96x2.4k mean?
96 dimmers at 2400w each
What is hard wired circuit?
-Circuit wired directly into a dimmer
-Dimmer 1 controls circuit 1
What does hard patch mean?
Can assign any circuit to any dimmer.
What is a multi-cable?
-Portable dimming system
-Can assign any circuit to any dimmer (hard patch)
How are multi-cable circuits numbered?
They are labeled by letter for the cable and number for the circuit (Circuit A-1, A-2, A-3...; D-1, D-2, D-3...)
Why do we have to load balance?
Load Balancing
-Draw the same amperage off each phase
-80% of maximum per leg
What is the 80% rule?
80% of maximum per leg
What is an SCR and what does it do?
The SCR dimmer uses solid state devices called SSR Blocks to "gate" the AC sine wave and control the voltage to the filament of the light source.
What does a forward phase dimmer do?
Turns the AC sine wave on during the cycle and off at the zero point.
What does a reverse phase dimmer do?
Turns on at 0 point and off during the cycle.
What is a dimmer curve?
Ratio of light output to console fader level
What is the cornea?
It is the clear, curved, refractive covering of the eye.
What does the iris of your eye do?
-The colored part
-Controls light levels
--Dilates in low light
--Constricts in bright light
What is the fovea centralis?
Small area responsible for detail and color vision.
What do the rods do?
-Function in dim light - can respond to a single photon
-Do not see color
-Photo-pigment is rhodopsin - Allow us to see shapes and brightness but not color of object in low light
What do the cones do?
-Retina contains about 7 million cones
-Color and detail vision in normal light levels
-Not responsive in low light levels
How many colors can the human eye perceive?
a
What is the visible spectrum?
400 - 700 nanometers
What color light do humans see best in low light levels?
Blue range better in low light levels.
How can we describe color?
--Hue (term to describe the pure spectrum colors)
--Value (the relative lightness and darkness of a color or hue)
--Saturation (how pure the color is)
What is hue?
Term to describe the pure spectrum colors.
What is value?
-The relative lightness and darkness of a color or hue
-A property of the reflectivity or the surface
What are the primary colors of light?
-Red, Blue and Green for light
What are the secondary colors of light?
Cyan, Magenta and Yellow
What are the three types of color media used in lighting?
Gel
Dichroic Filters
Glass Roundels
How do gels work?
-Absorb unwanted waves
How do dichroic filters work?
-Reflect unwanted waves
What is the transmission value of a filter?
-Amount of light that will pass through the filter.
-Percentage of total available light.
What do cool colors represent?
Blue
Green
Purple
What do warm colors represent?
Red
Orange
Yellow
What is photopigment depletion?
-Monochromatic scene
-Drains color receptors
-Color washes out
-After image is complimentary color
Why do we use color on stage?
Times
Locations
Recreate nature
Convey mood
Create effects
What is color temperature?
-Measures the "Whiteness" of a source
-Measured in Kelvin
What is the color temperature of a conventional lighting fixture?
3200 degrees K
What is the color temperature of a standard moving light?
5600 degrees K
Why do you have to white balance a camera?
Must tell camera what to reference as white.
What does a CTB filter do?
CTB (Correct to Blue) will make 3200 degrees K source appear 5600 degrees K.
What does a CTO filter do?
CTO will make 5600 degrees K source appear 3200 degrees K
What does amber shift mean?
-As intensity decreases so does Color Temperature (which measures the "whiteness" of a source), so as intensity decreases so does the whiteness of a source
-Source appears more orange
Why can amber shift be a problem?
It will affect gel color.
What's the number one rule about using color on stage?
-Less can be more.
-Avoid over layering. Choose colors that will mix well to create others.
What is photometrics?
Math for lighting
Why do we use photometrics?
-Will cut down on time spent trying different fixtures on site
-Make sure the fixture you choose will do what you think it will
-Make sure there is an even field of light on the stage
-Make sure the light on stage is of consistent intensity
Where can we find information that will help us using photometrics?
Photometrics handbook by Robert Mumm
What does the formula (d = mf x td) tell us?
Beam Diameter - How big the pool of light is
D = Beam Diameter
What does mf stand for in the above formula?
Multiplication Factor
What does td stand for in the above formula?
Throw Distance
What is throw distance?
Distance from fixture to person; light to object being lit
How do you find the throw distance from a fixture to a person?
Pythagorean Theorum
td = square root (vd squared + hd squared)
td = Throw Distance
vd = Vertical Distance
hd = Horizontal Distance
What does pc stand for?
Peak Candela
What unit is pc measured in?
Foot-candles
How do you find the footcandle output of a fixture from any throw distance?
fc = pc/td squared
fc = Foot-Candles (intensity)
pc = Peak Candela
td = Throw Distance
If you put gel into a fixture, how do you determine the footcandle output of that fixture?
fc x transmission value
If you are using a fixture with a non-standard lamp, how do you determine the footcandle output of the fixture?
fc x cf
cf = Correction Factor
How would you figure out how many fixtures you would need to light a stage?
stage dimensions (2 #s)/beam diameter x together (x the sum
of the sd/bd together)
What is standard voltage?
120v
How do you determine how many amps you would need to power your lighting rig?
a
How would you figure out how many watts a dimmer could handle if you knew amps and voltage?
W = V x A
If you know the beam angle of a fixture, how could you find the mf of the fixture?
a
In addition to photometrics data, what other information about a fixture can you find in the Photometrics Handbook?
Fixture Dim, Lamps, Accessories
To find information for a specific fixture, where do you look in the book to find that fixture?
a
PLOT DRAFTING OVERVIEW PG. 63
Why draft a light plot?
-Convey information, so people know where to hang the lights (to the electricians).
What does a light plot tell the electricians hanging the show?
Electricians use the plot to set up the rig (Where to place hang structures; Where to place fixtures; Individual fixture information)
What fixture information should the plot contain?
Channel
Dimmer
Circuit
Gel
Accessories
ID Numbers
What are on stage lighting pipes called?
Electrics
How are onstage lighting pipes numbered?
From proscenium towards upstage or back wall of venue. (From proscenium to US wall).
What are lighting positions in the house called?
Front of House (FOH)
How are these positions numbered?
Numbered from proscenium towards back wall of venue.
What are two types of vertical lighting positions?
Verticle Pipes, Booms sit on the stage, Tail Downs hang from the grid
How are these positions numbered?
Numbered from proscenium US, SR and SL
How are lighting fixtures on a pipe numbered?
Start with number 1 on each position
Where are lighting fixture dimensions referenced to?
a
How are lighting fixtures on a boom numbered?
(Top to Bottom)
Start with number 1 on each position; Number from top to bottom; Number from SL to SL or DS to US
What types of accessories can be included with a lighting fixture on a plot?
a
What does the key on a lighting plot do?
Explains symbols
What is contained in the title block?
Show information
Why is the notes section important?
Convey additional important information; Clarify items found on the plot; Specify how certain things should be done
What is a good scale to draft a light plot in?
¼” = 1’
½” = 1’
What is the first thing to do when drafting a light plot?
(Determine the scale)
Lay out the plot, Determine the scale
What is the first item you draft on each electric?
a
After all fixtures are on the light plot, what do you have to add?
Draw in the venue and the scenery; Add the notes section; Add the key; Add the title block; Spray Fix the plot
What do you need to look for in a drafting table?
(Large, flat, non mar surface)
Flat non-mar surface (Won’t get dented from pencil lines)
What are three types of straight edges that can be used when drafting?
Parallel straight edge, drafting machine or T-square
What is drafting paper called?
Vellum
What two types of pencils can be used to draft?
Mechanical Pencils (.9mm, .7mm, .5mm, .3mm), Lead Holders
What general templates are used drafting a plot?
Geometric shapes, Lettering guides
What two types of lighting templates are used to draft a plot?
(Plan and layout)
General Templates (Geometric shapes, and Lettering guides), Specialized Templates
What other equipment can be helpful when drafting a light plot?
Curves, Lettering Guides, Erasers, Eraser Shield, Scale Rule, Spray Fixative
Which computer program is not a visualizer program?
VectorWorks
What is one advantage of using a CAD program for drafting plots?
a
Which program are we going to use in this class?
VectorWorks
What are the 4 different types of lighting consoles?
Two scene preset, memory, hybrid, and moving light
Besides consoles, how else can we control lights?
a
How do you operate a 2 scene preset console?
a
What types of fixtures are memory boards designed to operate?
Conventional fixture
What are two ways to store a look in a memory console?
a
What types of lights are hybrid consoles designed to operate?
a
How do hybrid consoles control moving lights?
By using attributes not channels
What types of lights are moving light consoles designed to operate?
a
How do moving light consoles make it easy to control fixtures?
a
What is a virtual console?
a
What do you need to control lights from a computer?
A way to generate DMX from the computer
What are the two models of the ETC Express you will use at Full Sail?
a
How many channels of control do you have in the 2 scene mode of the Express 24/48?
a
How many channels of control do you have in the Express 48/96?
96
Which console are you using in this class?
a
How many cues can be stored in the Express 24/48?
a
How many channels of control do you have on the 24/48 using the keypad?
a
How many dimmers can be controlled by the console?
a
How many pages and how many submasters per page on the Express 24/48?
10 pages of 24
What is the keypad on the 24/48 used for?
Data input
What are the 4 display modes on the 24/48?
a
What does blind mode allow you to do?
Edit cues without affecting the stage look.
What do you do in patch mode?
Assign dimmers to channels
What can you do in set-up mode?
Set the console parameters.
What is an active channel?
A channel you have immediate level control over.
What is a captured channel?
a
What is the easiest way to record a submaster on the Express?
a
How do you record a cue on the Express?
a
Where do you setup a chase on the Express?
Blind mode
Why are there two sets of fader slider on the Express?
Multiple cues run at the same time.
Test 1
What do the rods do?
Allow you to see in low light levels
Test 1
Why do we use color on stage?
Influence mood, show time
Test 1
How do gels work?
They absorb unwanted wavelengths
Test 1
Sadness
Test 1
What is a Fresnel commonly used for?
Wash lights
Test 1
What is the fovea centralis?
The portion of the retina that contains the cone cells.
Test 1
What does a forward phase dimmer do?
Turns the AC sine wave on during the cycle and off at the zero point.
Test 1
What does an ellipsoidal reflector do?
Redirect light rays to a secondary point
Test 1
What does hard patch mean?
a
Test 1
What is the angle of incidence?
The angle between normal and an incoming light ray.
Test 1
What is special about the Fresnel lens?
It is a step lens that retains the properties of the plano convex lens
Test 1
What are par Cans typically used for?
Wash Lights
Test 1
What do the cones do?
Allow you to see color
Test 1
What does feeder cable do?
Runs from disconnect box to dimmers or power distro
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN PG 98
1. What are the basic functions of stage lighting?
(Does it fulfill basic functions of stage lighting?)
Provide visibility; Help establish time and place; Help create mood and tone; Reinforce the style of the production; Provide focus onstage; Create visual compositions; Establish rhythm of visual movement
2. What makes light good?
Does the lighting fulfill all needs of the production?:
Does the light enhance the mood?
Does the light detract from the experience?
Does the light fit the designers goals?
3. Define Visibility.
Visibility – The most fundamental goal of lighting on stage; What we don’t see we don’t understand; Not just a function of intensity; Good visibility is selective
4. Define Naturalism
Naturalism – Provides a sense of time and place
5. Define Composition.
Composition – The overall stage picture created by light
6. Define Mood.
Mood – The psychological reaction of the audience
7. Define Brightness.
Brightness – The visual sensation caused by light reacting with an object and then with the eye
8. Define Form.
Form – Light provides objects with a sense of form (shape, size, and position)
9. Define Color.
Color – The visible spectrum (Hue, Value, and Saturation)
10. Define Distribution.
Distribution – The placement of light and shadow on the stage; Absence of light important
11. Define Movement.
Movement – Physical movement of fixtures (Moving Lights and Follow Spots); Change in Intensity, Color, and Direction (Changes between cues; Fading from one look to another creates movement)
12. Define Direction.
Direction – The angle of the light; The relative placement of the light to the subject
13. What are the 4 types of light?
Incandescence, Luminescence, Phosphorescence, Flourescence
14. Define each of the 4 types of light.
Incandescence – Emission by a hot body of radiation that makes it visible
Luminescence – The low-temperature emission of light (as by a chemical or physiological process); Giving off light that is not due to incandescence. (Firefly)
Phosphorescence – Luminescence that is caused by the absorption of radiation at one wavelength followed by delayed re-radiation at a different wavelength that continues for a noticeable time after the incident radiation stops
Flourescence – Luminescence that is caused by the absorption of radiation at one wavelength followed by nearly immediate re-radiation usually at a different wavelength and that ceases almost at once when the incident radiation stops
15. What is meant by a transparent surface?
(Light pass through...)
Capable of transmitting light so that objects or images can be seen as if there were no intervening material.
16. What is meant by a matte surface?
Surface diffuse reflector
17. What is meant by a translucent surface?
(Light pass through...)
Transmitting light but causing sufficient diffusion to prevent perception of distinct images.
18. What should the designer do during the research phase of a project?
(Familiar material)
Read the script or listen to the music.
Examine the other designs.
Visit the venue.
Watch a rehearsal.
19. What does the designer do during the design phase of a project?
Divide the stage into Lighting Areas.
Determine the primary light source for all areas.
Add Toning and Blending lights.
Add Specials and Background lights.
Draft a Light Plot indicating where each lamp will be hung.
Develop a Hook-up Chart showing which or channel controls each light or each group of lights.
Write a Q List indicating when each lighting change will happen.
20. What happens during the execution phase of a project?
Hang, gel, cable and address the fixtures as indicated on the Plot and Hook-up Chart.
Focus the conventionals.
Set the light levels for each of the compositions indicated on the Q List.
Integrate the lighting Qs into the flow of the show.
21. What is key and fill lighting?
Primary light source on an area and a secondary to remove shadows.
22. What is wash lighting?
a
23. What is McCandless’ theory of lighting?
a
24. What is one problem with key and fill lighting?
It takes a lot of fixtures
25. What is one problem with wash lighting?
a
26. What is one problem with McCandless’ theory?
People can't move or they'll change color.
27. Why would we use back light or down light?
Sculpture - separate person from background
28. What is a key light?
Primary light source on an area.
29. Other than front, back and down, what are two other angles of light you might use on a stage?
a
30. What should a lighting designer be able to do?
a
LIGHTING DESIGN PG. 104
1. What are the artistic needs of a production that a designer has to work with?
Time and Place
Mood and Emotion
2. What are practical needs of a production that you have to take into account?
Budget
Space
Time
3. What is the first thing you should do to prepare for a design?
Read the script or listen to the music.
4. What is the purpose of a lighting concept?
a
5. What is a cue list?
A chart showing cue number, fade time, placement and action.
6. What is a fixture list?
Using the inventory and your fixture needs, determine how many of each type of fixture you need to use for each type of lighting system (wash, special, etc.). Photometrics.
Blue back – 2 fresnels
Down Special – 1 Leko
Low side – 4 pars
Gobo wash – 2 Lekos
7. What is the color list?
Pick specific gels for the colors you are using.
Blue – Gam 850
Red – R26
Amber – R316
8. Why would you draft a rough plot?
To draft the final used for the project.
9. How is an instrument schedule organized?
Sort by Hanging Position
Contains fixture, dimmer and console information
10. How is a channel hook-up organized?
Same information sorted by console channel
Easy to troubleshoot if at console
11. How is a dimmer hook-up organized?
Same information sorted by dimmer number
Again, helps with troubleshooting process
12. What is a magic sheet?
A quick reference to assist you in finding the lights you need when cueing
13. Why would you have an instrument schedule, a channel hook-up and a dimmer hook-up?
a
14. What is one way to set fixture channels on a console?
a
15. Why is it a good idea to start numbering cues at 100?
Leave spaces between cues to making additions easier
16. What is a cue sheet?
Fader levels for all cues
17. Why would you write cue sheets?
Paperwork backup in case of computer failure
CORPORATE SHOWS AND VIDEO LIGHTING PG. 112
1. What is a corporate event?
Any event not primarily for entertainment.
2. What types of venues would one of these events be in?
Hotel Ballrooms, Convention Centers, Arenas, sometimes maybe a Theatre
3. What is the best way to light a podium?
3-point lighting (key, fill, back), teleprompter
4. What is a problem with back lighting a podium?
Keeping it off the monitor and beam splitter
5. What is some equipment that you have to be careful of lighting?
a
6. What is a teleprompter?
A device used to project text to a speaker.
7. What elements of the production might need to be lit?
Scenery, Foliage, Drapery, Set-pieces, Signs
8. What is one big problem with lighting corporate events?
Rigging, Relatively low weight capacities, Location is pre-determined and not always optimum.
9. What is one problem with rigging for corporate events?
Low weight capabilities
10. What are three elements of the venue that need lighting?
Ambient lighting, Walls, Truss
11. What are the parts of a video camera?
Lens, Aperture, Lens, CCD (Charged Coupled Device), Cable, Monitor
12. What does CCD stand for?
Charged Coupled Device
13. What part of the eye is the CCD comparable to?
Retina
14. What is three point lighting?
Key – Primary light source on a subject
Fill – Used to reduce shadowing on a subject
Back light – Separate the subject from the dackground
15. What type of light would you want to use for a key light?
A focusable fixture – ERS
16. What type of fixture would make a good fill light?
Fresnel
17. What is color temperature?
Measures the “whiteness” of a source, measured in degrees Kelvin, NOT THE ACTUAL LAMP TEMPERATURE
18. Why do you need to white balance a camera?
Tells the camera what to reference as white light
19. What is color correction?
Lights – Add a filter to gel holder of conventionals, use the built in CTO in moving lights
Camera Filters – Built in devices, Used for changing color temperature situations, white balance indoors and move outdoors
20. What is the contrast ratio?
Difference between light and dark areas on a stage
21. What is lens flare?
Caused by a light source focused directly in a camera lens
ALTERNATIVE LIGHTING SOURCES PG. 121
1. What does LED stand for?
Light Emitting Diode
2. How does an LED work?
Movement of electrons in the diode produce light
3. What are LED’s used for?
Color changing fixtures, lighting and video walls, truss warmers, architectural fixtures
4. What are the benefits of LED’s?
Small size, long lamp life, low heat output, durability, color changing, dimming, no flickering, impervious to heat, cold, shock, and vibration
5. What are the disadvantages of LED’s?
Low light output, poor color rendering, unknown service life
6. What type of lamps are Neon tubes?
Gas discharge lamps
7. How does Neon work?
Vacuum tube fitted with electrodes, High voltage through gas causes ionization, electron flow through gas causes excitation, atoms release electrons in visible light form
8. What is Neon used for?
Signs, scenery, ground rows, accent lights
9. What are the disadvantages of Neon tubing?
Fragile, interference with wireless audio, expensive, hard to dim, quality of light
10. What are fiber optics?
Long thin glass fibers, bundled together, transmit light over long distances
11. How do fiber optics work?
Light reflects inside fiber, cladding prevents light from leaving fiber
12. Why doesn’t light escape from the sides of a fiber?
Cladding
13. What are fiber optics used for?
Curtains, art work, task lighting, accent lighting, architectural
14. What does LASER stand for?
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
15. How is LASER light created?
a
16. What are the four parts of a LASER system?
Active medium, excitation mechanism, feedback mechanism, output coupler
17. What are the disadvantages of LASER systems?
Expensive, Dangerous
18. What are back lights?
Lamps that emit UV-A waves, Coatings on lamp absorb visible waves (tube lamps like fluorescents, incandescent lamps)
19. How do black lights produce UV light?
Filters block visible light
20. What are black lights used for?
Scenery lights, Effects lights, Forensic and scientific uses
THEATRICAL RIGGING & SAFETY 128
1. What is an arbor?
Holds the counter weight.
2. What are three types of blocks?
Loft block, Head block, Floor tensioning blocks
3. What are three types of fly systems?
Hemp lines, Single purchase, Double purchase
4. What is a loft block?
Guide the lift lines, Change load from vertical to horizontal
5. What is a head block?
Guide lift lines to the arbor, change load from horizontal to vertical
6. What is the purpose of the floor block?
(Floor Tensioning Block) Guides operating line from bottom of arbor, Adjusts to remove slack in operating line
7. How does a hemp counterweight system work?
Using simple pulleys, ropes and sandbags, weight on line equals weight on pipe, older theatres
8. What is a single purchase counterweight system?
Pipe travel equal arbor travel, pipe weight equals arbor weight
9. What is a double purchase counterweight system?
Arbor travel is half of pipe travel, arbor weight is double pipe weight
10. What is the purpose of the fire curtain?
Travel in smoke pocket, on own line set, automatically trip
11. What two knots should you know?
Bowline, Clove Hitch
12. When would you need a fall protection system?
Is the location you’re working capable of supporting you while working?
Are you exposed to the possibility of falling more than 6’ (1.8 meters)?
Is the area designated as a “Controlled Access Zone?”?
13. What agency regulates safety practices in the workplace?
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), A government organization under the U.S. department of Labor
14. What is one requirement of a fall arrest system?
OSHA Certification requires:
That the system be CONTINUOUS
That the system be EXCLUSIVE
That the system reduces the forces transferred to the fallen worker to safe levels
That the system be composed of components of safe design
That the system be engineered as a total system
That the system incorporates a procedure for rescue after the fall
That workers receive formal training in the system’s use
15. What are two types of fall arrest systems?
Passive and active
16. What type of body harness must you have?
Straps that may be secured about the person in a manner that distributes the fall-arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest, and shoulders with a means for attaching the harness to other components of a personal all arrest system.
17. What does the lanyard do?
A flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap that generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage.
18. What are two types of lifelines?
A component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline)
Or, for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline) and that serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage
19. How does the fall arrest system attach to the truss?
Attaches to the chain motor clips.
20. What forces can the fall arrest system place on a body?
a
PLOT DRAFTING OVERVIEW
1. Why draft a light plot?
Convey the information, so people know where to hang the lights.
2. What does a light plot tell the electricians hanging the show?
Electricians use the plot to set up the rig (Where to place hang structures; Where to place fixtures; Individual fixture information)
3. What fixture information should the plot contain?
Channel
Dimmer
Circuit
Gel
Accessories
ID Numbers
4. What are on stage lighting pipes called?
Electrics
3. What does DMX-512 stand for?
DMX-512 – Control of 512 channels on one universe
7. What is the timing of each bit of data in the DMX stream?
a
8. What is the timing of a BREAK?
88 micro seconds (weird symbol for micro (us))
10. What is the significance of the BREAK and MAB?
Reset all device counters to 0
13. DMX is an 8-bit protocol, what does this mean?
8 data bits give 256 steps from zero to full.
21. What are the pin assignments for DMX?
a
For Test, Know Chart on pg. 91
a
How does analog control work?
1 wire per dimmer
What does DMX-512 stand for?
Digital multiplexing 512 channels of control.
When was DMX developed and by whom?
1986 US ITT
Define IDLE as it relates to DMX?
Infinitely high signal
What is the significance of the BREAK and MAB (mark after break)?
Reset all device counters to 0
What are the parts of each channel data frame?
a
If you are not using all 512 available channels of DMX do you need to send all 512 channels of information?
No
Why shouldn't DMX be used to control pyro?
Constantly refreshing, corruptible signal
How do DMX receivers know what information to respond to?
They are assigned
Why shouldn't audio cable be used for DMX transmission?
DMX needs to be able to send data, not just audio.
What is a DMX universe?
512 channels of control
How many devices can you run on one un-split line of DMX?
30 something
What is the diagonal brace?
Small diameter angled tubing on a truss for stability.
What is the vertical brace?
Small diameter straight tubing on a truss for stability.
What is a conical coupler?
A connection that uses a system of cups and inserts.
What is a spigot coupler?
A pivoting joint often used on truss towers.