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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deep posterior hip muscles - The lateral rotator muscles
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- all found deep to gluteus maximus muscle
- cross posterior side of hip joint, running medial to lateral; action = lateral rotation of thigh |
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Piriformis Muscle
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Important landmark in gluteal region. Superior gluteal nerve and artery found superior to piriformis, inferior gluteal nerve & artery, sciatic nerve exit below piriformis
- Sciatic N. exits pelvis through greater sciatic foramen and emerges into the deep posterior hip region at the inferior border of piriformis muscle. It then runs into the posterior thigh by passing posterior (superficial) to the obturator internus/gemellus muscle and quadratus femoris musce Origin - anterior surface of sacrum (inside pelvis) Insert greater trochanter of Femur Innervate - from sacral plexus Action - lateral rotation of thigh "Posterior Hip Muscle" |
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Obturator Internus M.
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Origin = internal (pelvic) margins of obturator foramen & obturator membrane; exits pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen - muscle makes 90' bend as it exits pelvis
Insert = greater trochanter of femur Innerv = (from sacral plexus) Action = lateral rotator of hip "Posterior Hip Muscle" |
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Superior & Inferior Gemellus M.
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small m. that arise on the outer surface of the ischium, at the point where the Obturator Internus m. emerges through the lesser sciatic foramen. the gemellis m run parallel to the obturator internus tendon and then all three m fuse together into a single tendon that inserts onto the greater trochanter. all three m are lateral rotators of thigh.
Origin = ischium, above and below lesser sciatic notch (above & below tendon of obturator internus m., after it exits through lesser sciatic foramen) Insert = greater trochanter of femur (with tendon of obturator internus m.) Innerv = from sacral plexus Action = lateral rotators of thigh "Posterior Hip Muscle" |
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Quadratus Femoris M.
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"four sided" largest & thickest of froup
Origin = ischial tuberosity Insert = base of greater trochanter on posterior femur Innerv = from sacral plexus Action = powerful lateral rotator of thigh "Posterior Hip Muscle" |
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Obturator Externus M.
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found deep to m of medial thigh
Origin = external margins of obturator foramen & obturator membrane Insert = greater trochanter; m runs medial to lateral, crossin hip joint posterior to neck of femur innerv = obturator n Action = lateral rotator of thigh "Posterior Hip Muscle" |
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Iliopsoas M
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combination of psoas major and iliacus m
a) psoas major m Origin = T12 - L5 vertebrae (runs down posterior wall of abdominal & pelvic cavities) b) Iliacus M - m xits pelvic cavity by passing under inguinal ligament inguinal lig: inferior attachment of ventral (abdominal) body wal muscles; spans from anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle; dividing line that seperates thigh and trunk of body Origin = iliac fossa (inside false pelvic cavity) Innerv = femoral n Insert = iliacus & psoas major m. fuse into single common tendon - inserts onto lesser trochanter of femur - considered to be single iliopsoas m. inferior to (after crossing under) inguinal ligament Action = primary (most powerful) flexor of thigh at hip joint; also flexes trunk when thigh is immobilized (i.e. doing sit-ups) "Anterior Hip Muscle" |
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Muscle Groups of Thigh
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Divided into 3 compartments
Anterior Group - flexors of thigh at hip or extensors of leg at knee Medial Group - adductor (groin) m; adduct thigh Posterior Group - hamstring group; flex leg at knee and extend thigh at hip |
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Sartorius M.
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longest m of body
Origin = anterior superior iliac spine Insert = superior part of medial tibia Innerv = femoral n Action = crossed leg sitting (sartorius = tailor) 1) flexes thigh at hip 2) laterally rotated thigh at hip 3) abducts thigh at hip 4) flexes leg at knee a) acts across both hip and knee joints b) runs diagonally, down & medially over thigh - covers femoral vessels in adductor canal "Musles of Anterior Thigh" |
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Quadriceps Femoris M.
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largest muscle of body; powerful extensors of leg at knee
a) consists of 4 heads (individually named) - unite into common tendon that inserts onto procimal tibia 1) muscle head ("-cep") is a m component with an independent area of origin; m heads then merge together into a single tendon with a single insertion b) Individual heads of quadriceps femoris m 1) Rectus Femoris (recus = straight) Origin = anterior inferior iliac spine 2) Vastus Lateralis = largest part of quadriceps; wraps around lateral side of femur Origin = from posterior-lateral femur (lateral lip of linea aspera) 3) Vastus Medialis - wraps around medial side of femur Origin = posterior-medial femur(medial lip of linea aspera) 4) Vastus Intermedius - deep to all 3 other parts Origin = procimal 2/3 of anterior femur c) Insertion 1) tendons from all 4 parts unite as common quadriceps tendon 2) patella - sesamoid bone within quadriceps tendon - acts as fulcrum to increase power and prevent friction between tendon and distal femur 3) tendon inserts onto tibial tuberosity of proximal tibia as patellar ligament (between patella & tibia) d) Innerv = femoral n e) Action = powerful extensor of leg at knee joint; with foot planted - pulls thigh forward "Musles of Anterior Thigh" |
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Medial Thigh - The Adductor (Groin) M
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1) arise from areas of pubis, ischiopubic rami, & ischial tuberosities & insert on or near linea aspera of posterior femur (except gracilis m)
2) innervated by obturator n. (except pectineus m) 3) act primarily as adductors of thigh 4) divided into 3 layers of m: a) superficial layer - pectineus, adductor longus, & gracilis m b) intermediate layer - adductor brevis m c) deep layer - adductor magnus |
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Superficial layer of Adductor M. of Medial Thigh x 3
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1) Gracilis M - most medial m of thigh
Origin = inferior pubic ramus Insert = medial surface, superior ribia Innerv = Obturator N Action = adducts thigh; flexes leg at knee 2) Pectineus M Origin = superior pubic ramus Insert = superior posterior femur Innerv = femoral n Action = adducts and flexes thigh 3) Adductor longus M Origin = upper pubic bone Insert = middle posterior femur innerv = Obturator N Action = adducts thigh |
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Intermediate Layer of Adductor M. of Medial Thigh x 1
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Adductor Brevis M
Origin = inferior pubic ramus Insert = superior posterior femur (lateral to adductor longus) Innerv = obturator n Action = adducts thigh - adductor brevis is deep to adductor longus |
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Medial Thigh - The Adductor (Groin) M
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1) arise from areas of pubis, ischiopubic rami, & ischial tuberosities & insert on or near linea aspera of posterior femur (except gracilis m)
2) innervated by obturator n. (except pectineus m) 3) act primarily as adductors of thigh 4) divided into 3 layers of m: a) superficial layer - pectineus, adductor longus, & gracilis m b) intermediate layer - adductor brevis m c) deep layer - adductor magnus |
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Superficial layer of Adductor M. of Medial Thigh x 3
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1) Gracilis M - most medial m of thigh
Origin = inferior pubic ramus Insert = medial surface, superior ribia Innerv = Obturator N Action = adducts thigh; flexes leg at knee 2) Pectineus M Origin = superior pubic ramus Insert = superior posterior femur Innerv = femoral n Action = adducts and flexes thigh 3) Adductor longus M Origin = upper pubic bone Insert = middle posterior femur innerv = Obturator N Action = adducts thigh |
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Intermediate Layer of Adductor M. of Medial Thigh x 1
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Adductor Brevis M
Origin = inferior pubic ramus Insert = superior posterior femur (lateral to adductor longus) Innerv = obturator n Action = adducts thigh - adductor brevis is deep to adductor longus |
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Deep Layer X 2
1) Adductor Magnus muscle |
- has adductor & hamstring parts
Origin - ischiopubic ramus (adductor part) and ischial tuberosity (hamstring part) Insert - adductor part - posterior femur (entire legth of linea aspira) hamstring part - via tendon to adductor tubercle of femur - division (gap) between insertions of 2 parts = adductor hiatus for passage of femoral artery & vein into popliteal fossa Innerv - adductor part - Obturator nerve hamstring part - tibial division of sciatic nerve Action - adducts thigh; hamstring part also extends thigh at hip joint - adductor magnus is deepest & largest of adductor muscles |
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2) Obturator Externus Muscle
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Origin - external surface of obturator membrane
Insert - greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur (muscle runs medial to lateral, passing posterior to hip joint) Innerv - Obturator Nerve Action - lateral rotator of thigh |
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Muscles of Posterior Thigh X3 "Hamstring Muscles"
1) Semitendinosus Muscle - cross posteriorly to both hip and knee joints - produce extension at hip and flexion at knee |
Origin - ischial tuberosity
Insert - superior end of anterior-medial tibia Innerv - tibial division of sciatic nerve a) named for long, rounded tendon that forms lower 1/3 of muscle b) inserts on anterior/medial tibia together with gracilis & sartorius muscles - 3 insertions fuse togehter to form "Pes Anserinus" (gooses foot) c) semitendinosus muscles forms superior-medial boundary of popliteal fossa |
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Popliteal Fossa
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diamond shaped region posterior to knee joint; contains popliteal artery and vein, tibial nerve, & comon fibular nerve
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Muscles of Posterior Thigh X3 "Hamstring Muscles"
2) Semimembranosus Muscle |
Origin - ischial tuberosity
Insert - posterior side, medial condyle of tibia Innerv - tibial division of sciatic nerve a) named for thin, flat (membranous) tendon that forms upper 1/3 of muscle b) runs deep to semitendinosus muscle |
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Muscles of Posterior Thigh X3 "Hamstring Muscles"
3) Biceps Femoris Muscle |
Origin - long head: ischial tuberosity
short head: inferior, posterior femur (linea aspera) Insert - via common tendon to head of fibula Innerv - long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve short head: common fibular division of sciatic nerve a) biceps femoris muscle forms supeior-lateral boundary of popliteal fossa Posterior Thigh (hamstring) muscles all arise from ischial tuberosity and are innervated by tibial division of sciatic nerve. Supplementary muscle (short head of biceps femoris) comes from femur and is innervated by common fibular division of sciatic nerve. Major action of all 3 hamstring muscles is extension at hip and flexion at knee |
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Tibia bone
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bone of medial leg
Bony Landmarks: 1)anterior crest (border) - shin 2) medial malleolus 3) fibular facet (on proximal tibia) 4) fibular notch (on distal tibia) soleal line (popliteal line) 5) interosseous border |
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Fibula bone
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bone of lateral leg
Bony Landmarks: 1) Head 2) lateral malleolus 3) facet for talus 4) interosseousborder |
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Foot Bones
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a) tarsal bones X3:
1) talus bone - weight bearing; articulates with distal wnds of tibia & fibula at ankle 2) calcaneous bone (heel bone), with its sustentaculum tali 3) navicular bone; cuboid; medial, intermediate, & lateral cuneiform (4000 BC cuneiform writing) bones b) metatarsal bones X 5 c) phalange: proximal, middle, distal phalynx bones; (great toe has only proximal & distal) |
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Deep Fascia of the Leg
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Crural Fascia
1) attachments : a) proximally to epicondyles of femur & tibial tuberosity - continuous wit fascia lata b) along length of anterior tibia c) distally to medial & lateral malleolus 2) extenso retinaculum, fibular retinaculum, flexor retinaculum a) specialized thickenings of crural fascia at ankle b) serve to hold down tendons crossing ankle - prevents "bowstringing" of tendons |
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Compartments of the Leg
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Divided internally by interosseous membrane & 3 intermuscular septum:
1) anterior leg compartment 2) lateral leg compartment 3) superficial posterior leg compartment 4) deep posterior leg compartment |
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Muscles of Anterior Leg Compartment
X 4 #1 Tibialis Anterior Muscle |
Origin - anterior-lateral tibia and interosseous membrane
Insert - 1st metatarsal bone (medial side of foot) Action - dorsiflexion and inversion of foot |
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Muscles of Anterior Leg Compartment
X 4 #2 Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle |
Origin - anterior fibula (upper fibula)
Insert - via 4 tendons to digits 2-5 Action - extension of digits 2-5; dorsiflexion of foot |
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Muscles of Anterior Leg Compartment
X 4 #3 Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle (big toe = hallux) |
Origin - anterior fibula (middle fibula)
Insert - digit 1 (base of distal phalynx) Action - extension of big toe; dorsiflexion of foot - body of extensor hallucis longus is deep to tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus - its tendon passes across ankle between tendons of these 2 muscles |
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Muscles of Anterior Leg Compartment
X 4 #4 Fibularis Tertius Muscle |
small muscle to lateral side of foot
Origin - anterior fibula (distal fibula) Insert - 5th metatarsal bone (lateral side of foot) Action - dorsiflexion and eversion of foot |
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Muscles of Dorsal Foot
X 2 Extensor Digitoru Brevis & Extensor Hallucis Brevis |
only muscles on dorsum (top side) of foot
Origin - calcaneous bone Insert - via 4 tendons to digit 1 (Extensor hallucis brevis) and digits 2-4 (Extensor digitorum brevis); tendons join with tendons of extensor hallucis longus or extensor digitorum longus muscles Innerv - deep fibular nerve Action - extends digits 1-4 - thin, broad muscles found deep to tendons of extensor digitorum longus - Note: digit 5 not supplied by extensor digitorum brevis |
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Mucles of the Lateral Compartment
X 2 1) Fibularis Longus Muscle 2) Fibularis Brevis Muscle |
- both innervated by superficial fibular nerve & supplied by fibular artery
- tendons pass down leg and behind lateral malleolus (posterior to ankle joint) - mainly evertors of the foot, but since tendons pass behind lateral malleolus, also assist in plantar flexion at ankle joint |
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1) Fibularis Longus Muscle
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superficial muscle of lateral leg
Origin - lateral fibula (proximal 1/2) - behind lateral malleolus, then diagonally completely across plantar foot to the medial side Insert - medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal bones (plantar surfaces) |
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2) Fibularis Brevis Muscle
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deep muscle of lateral leg
Origin - lateral fibula (distal 1/2) Insert - base of 5th metatarsal bone (next to insertin of fibularis tertius) |
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Muscles of the Superfic Posterior Leg Compartment
X 3 1) Gastrocnemius Muscle 2) Soleus Muscle 3) Plantaris Muscle |
- 3 muscles; innervateed by Tibial nerve & supplied by Popliteal Artery
- all insert onto the calcaneous bone via calcaneal tendon ("Achilles Tendon") - all produce plantar flexion of foot; when foot is not planted, gastrocnemius can flex leg to maintain balance in the standing position |
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1) Gastrocnemius Muscle
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most superficial muscle
Origin - via 2 heads from medial and lateral epicondyles of femur a) becomes tendinous at mid-leg b) medial and lateral heads from medial- & lateral-inferior borders of popliteal fossa |
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2) Soleus Muscle
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deep to gastrocnemius
Origin - horseshoe arrangement: soleal line of tibia & posterior fibula |
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3) Plantaris Muscle
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Origin - lateral epicondyle of femur
- small muscle with long, thin tendon running between soleus& gastrocnemius muscles - the calcaneal tendon is the thickest & strongest tendon in teh body - in walking, the superficial posterior muscles raise the heel against teh weight of teh body - in standing, these muscles pull back on the leg, thus stabilizing the ankle joint by preventing dorsiflexion of the foot (i.e. prevent falling forward at the anklejoint) |
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Muscles of the Deep Posterior Leg Compartment
X 4 1) Popliteus Muscle 2) Tibialis Posterior Muscle 3) Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle 4) Flexor hallucis Longus Muscle |
- 4 muscles; all innervated by Tibial nerve and supplied by Posterior Tibial artery
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1) Popliteus Muscle
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"unlocks knee"
Origin - lateral epicondyle of femur Insert - posterior tibia, above soleal line Action - lateral rotation of femur (or medial rotation of tibia) - Stability of the knee joint is accomplished when the knee reaches full extension by a slight medial rotation of the femur, thus "locking" the knee joint. During walking, with the foot planted, lateral rotation of the femur by the popliteus muscle (note that it acts on teh more proximal bone) "unlocks" the knee and thus initiates flexion of the leg - the 3 other deep posterior leg muscles pass behind medial malleolus (posterior to ankle joint) and enter deep plantar foot |
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2) Tibialis Posterior Muscle
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deepest muscle of compartment
Origin - posterior tibia & fibula and interosseous membrane Insert - navicular bone (medial side of plantar foot) Action - plantar flexion and inversion of foot |
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3) Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle
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Origin - posterior tibia - medial to tibialis posterior
Insert - via 4 tendons to distal phalanges 2-5 (plantar surface) Action - flexes lateral 4 toes; plantar flexion of foot Note: arises from medial side of leg but runs lateral to 4 toes |
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4) Flexor hallucis Longus Muscle
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Origin - posterior fibula
Insert - plantar surface, distal phalynx of big toe - tendon passes behind medial malleolus, and runs down plantar side od medial foor Action - flexes big toe (digit #1); plantar flexion of foot - powerful muscle that provides last push off by foot during walking/running Note: arises from lateral side of leg but runs to most medial toe. |
