Introduction To Forensic Anthropology: Cummulative

Front 1

Who was Thomas Dwight?

Back 1

Founder of American Anthropology

Front 2

Toddy and Terry Collections

Back 2

Collected over 3000 skeletons, housed at Cleveland Museum of Natural History and Smithsonian Institute

Front 3

What is:

1) Forensic Anthropology

2) Forensic Archaeology

3) Forensic Ondontology

Back 3

1) Identification of skeletal remains

2) Recovers remains in field using archaeological techniques

3) identification of remains from teeth

Front 4

What are Clyde Snows Core Questions?

Back 4

1) Are they human remains

2) Is there one individual or a group

3) when did death occur

4) How old was the individual

5) what was the sex/ancestry/stature

6) Are there anomalies

7) Cause of death

8) Manner of Death

Front 5

What is Anthroposcopy?

Back 5

Visual Inspection, many features age/sex

Front 6

What is Osteometry?

Back 6

Measurement using standard instruments to determine sex, age, ancestry, stature

Front 7

What is Histology?

Back 7

Study of bone structure (microscopic) determine if human/non-human

Front 8

Occlusal

Back 8

Exposed surface of the molar

Front 9

Enamel

Back 9

Outer surface of the molar

Front 10

Dentin

Back 10

Beneath the enamel, in the root

Front 11

Pulp Cavity

Back 11

Hollow center of the tooth

Front 12

Cementum

Back 12

Covers surface of the root

Front 13

Axial Skeleton

Back 13

Spine, rib cage, pelvic/shoulder girdle

Front 14

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 14

Limbs, bones of the arms and legs

Front 15

Hyoid

Back 15

In neck, associated with voice box

Front 16

Sternum

Back 16

Breast bone, manubrium and body, anterior anchor for ribs/articulates with clavical

Front 17

What are the 5 sections of vertebrae/spinal column

Back 17

1) Cervical

2) Thoracic

3) Lumbar

4) Sacrum

5) Coccyx

Front 18

Thoracic: described

Back 18

Facets on the body/transverse process

Front 19

Lumbar: Described

Back 19

No rib facets or transverse foramina

Front 20

Sacrum: Described

Back 20

Base of the spine, 5 segments fused when adult

Front 21

Coccyx: Described

Back 21

Base of the Sacrum

Front 22

Shoulder Girdle

Clavicle: Describe

Back 22

Joins sternum to scapula

Front 23

Shoulder Girdle

Scapula: Describe

Back 23

Joins clavicle, has articulation for upper arm

Front 24

Pelvic Girdle

Coxal bones: Describe

Back 24

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Front 25

Diaphyses

Back 25

Shaft of bone

Front 26

Metaphyses

Back 26

Flared end

Front 27

Epiphyses

Back 27

Cap at the end of bone

Front 28

Synarthroses

Back 28

Joints that don't move

Front 29

Amphiarthrosis

Back 29

Joints slight / some moveability

Front 30

Diarthrose

Back 30

Jointes freely moveable

Front 31

What causes misidentification of remains?

Back 31

1) too fragmentary

2) small immature human bones look non-human

3) large immature non-human bones look human

Front 32

What does bone colour reflect?

Back 32

environment
1) fresh bone - yellowish/white

2) exposed bone - bleaches (with cold/frost)

3) stained green - near wet location

Front 33

What does bone texture reflect?

Back 33

Degrees of exposure

1) deteriorated bone surface, alters colour, flaking, pitting

-> old people have grainy bone surface

Front 34

What does bone Hydration reflect?

Back 34

Degree bone retains moisture

1) fresh bone - greasy, high levels of hydration = increased odor

2) hydration lost to exposure

Front 35

What does bone weight reflect?

Back 35

Loss of fat/liquids, increases over time

Front 36

What does bone fragility reflect?

Back 36

Flaking of bone surface, considerable age,

Front 37

What are the excavation steps?

Back 37

1)Excavate to expose

2) Document

3) Excavate to remove

Front 38

Define:

1) Forensic Pathology

2) Forensic Entomology

3) Forensic Botany

Back 38

1) Decomposition sequence

2) Study of insects involved in decomp

3) elements of plant growth to determine time

Front 39

What is autolysis?

Back 39

Self digestion, cell death / by products, enzymes start tissue degeneration

Front 40

Algor Mortis

Back 40

body temperature cooling, dependent on ambient conditions often 1 C per hour

Front 41

Liver Mortis

Back 41

Pooling of blood in lowest parts of the body

Front 42

Rigor Mortis

Back 42

Stiffening of muscles from chemical binding

Front 43

Process immediately after death

Back 43

Algor mortis, then liver mortis, rigor mortis, algor mortis, lividity fixed with rigor at max

Front 44

Putrefaction

Back 44

Breakdown of the body by bacteria that are always present

Front 45

Adipocere

Back 45

late decomp/ accumulation of hydrated body fats

Front 46

Evidence of more than one individual

Back 46

1) doubling elements- possible misidentification

2) congruency "bones click"

3) age differences - only when adult vs infant

Front 47

Giles and Elliot Method

Back 47

Used 8 measurements of the skull

Front 48

Skull sexting:

Size

Back 48

Males larger than females

Front 49

Skull sexting:

Nuchal crest

Back 49

Strongly developed line for muscles

Front 50

Skull sexting:

Mastoids

Back 50

Processes smaller in females

Front 51

Skull sexting:

Orbital margin

Back 51

super orbital margin sharp in females

Front 52

Skull sexting:

Forehead

Back 52

vertical in females, males recedes, glabella more prominent

Front 53

Skull sexting:

Chin

Back 53

pointed/single in females

broad/often double in males

Front 54

Subadults - Length of long bone

Lower Limit

Back 54

first appearance of bony center of diaphysis

Front 55

Subadults - Length of long bone

Upper limits

Back 55

beginning of adolescent growth spurt age 11-14

Front 56

Ossification centers

Back 56

appearance of epiphyses, union of secondary epiphyses

Front 57

What is cause of death?

Back 57

Instrument/physical agent used to bring death

Front 58

What is mechanism of death?

Back 58

pathological agent resulting in death

ex. bleeding, brain injury

Front 59

What is manner of death?

Back 59

circumstances surrounding death

Front 60

What are the 5 manners of death

Back 60

1) homicide

2) suicide

3) accidental

4) natural

5) unknown

Front 61

Perimortem

Back 61

At or near time of death

Front 62

Postmortem

Back 62

After death

Front 63

Premortem

Back 63

Before death

Front 64

Trauma:

direction

Back 64

relationship between applied force and where the bone is connected

Front 65

Trauma:

speed

Back 65

dynamic/ sudden or static/slow

Front 66

Trauma:

focus

Back 66

broad/wide or narrow/limited

Front 67

Trauma:

Blunt force

Back 67

object with wide focus, dynamic/static force

Front 68

Trauma:

Sharp force

Back 68

object with narrow focus, dynamic force

Front 69

Trauma:

Projectile

Back 69

sharp force, high dynamic velocity

Front 70

Pelvis:

male

Back 70

narrower, higher, smaller canal

Front 71

Pelvis:

female

Back 71

broader, shallower, larger canal

Front 72

Pelvis:

male pubis

Back 72

narrow breadth, subpubic angle narrow/acute

large/triangular obortator foramen

Front 73

Pelvis:

female pubis

Back 73

elongated breadth, subpubic angle wide

smaller/oval oborator foramen

Front 74

Pelvis: sciatic notch

males

Back 74

narrow

Front 75

Pelvis: sciatic notch

females

Back 75

wide

Front 76

Methods for sex assessment in non-adults

Back 76

1) auricular surface

2) greater sciatic notch

3) DNA

Front 77

Stature estimation:

Fully method

Back 77

cranial height, anterior length of foot sacral segment, bicondylar femoral length,

Front 78

Stature estimation:

Limb-bone stature estimation

Back 78

measure length of limb bone, select appropriate regression formula by sex/ancestry

Front 79

Antemortem conditions

Back 79

1) non-metric traits or minor anatomical variables

2) pathological conditions

3) non-pathological changes to bone due to repeated actions

Front 80

Antemortem:

non-metric traits

Back 80

non-pathological, combination of inheritance and environmental pressures. Good for comparing populations.

Front 81

Antemortem:

pathologies

Back 81

illness causes change in different tissues, long enough can affect bone

- found in medical records

Front 82

Antemortem:

Occupational markers

Back 82

1) distinctive morphologies

2) pathological alterations develop from work related activities

Front 83

Taphonomy

Back 83

postmortem fate of human remains

1) preservation of bone

2) presence of bone

3) bone alterations

Front 84

Dispositional taphonomy

Back 84

systematic detailed study of spatial relationship of skeletal remains

Front 85

Sequence of decomposition

Back 85

1) not known / extremely variable

2) dependent on: soft tissue, direction/level of movement, strength of ligaments, microenvironment and burial position

Front 86

Space of disposal:

empty space non-delineated

Back 86

open air disposal, caves, crypts, burials

Front 87

Space of disposal:

delimited (closed) space

Back 87

1) direct - covering body with earth, plays in movement of bone

2) confined space - close fit between body/architecture, space created by architecture, construction of body to space smaller than initial cadaver

Front 88

Proper field procedures

Back 88

1) excavation to expose/remove

2) documentation 1:5 adults 1:1 new born -kids

3) abundant photo documentation

4) description of standardized language