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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The entry of monosaccharides from blood to brain, hepatocytes, and erythrocytes is by?
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Insulin independant carrier mediated transport (facilitated diffusion) Thus there is no energy required.
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the entry for monosaccarides into muscles requires what?
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Insulin
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Glycolysis can operate both ____ and ___?
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Aerobically and anerobically.
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What is the function of glycolysis in in aerobic respiration?
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To convert Glucose to pyruvate and ATP.
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What is the function of glycolysis in an anaerobic condition?
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To produce ATP and recycle NADN by making lactate.
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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In the cytosol.
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What are the starting and ending compounds of glycolysis?
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Glucose and pyruvate or lactate(in anaerobic conditions)
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All cells that metabolize glucose contain what?
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Kinases
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Where would one find a Hexokinase?
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In any cell that metabolizes glucose except the liver.
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Where would one find a Glucokinase?
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In the liver
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How many types of Kinase are there?
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3 type I in ambiquitous and can be free in the cytosol or bound to the mitochondria. Type II, found in skeletal muscle.
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What inhibits type I hexokinase?
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G6P and inorganic phosphate.
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What does G6P doe to type one hexokinase?
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It determines the amound bound to the mitochondria.
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Is glucokinase inhibited by G6P?
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No.
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What is the first step of glycolysis?
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Glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate by either hexokinase or gucokinase using 1ATP and Mg.
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What is the second step of glycolysis?
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Glucose 6 phosphate is converted to fuctose 6 phosphate by the phosphoglucose isomerase enzyme. This reaction uses Mg
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What step is the comitted step of glycolysis, why is it called this?
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The third step, the conversion of F6P to F6BP is the comitted step.
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What enzyme carries out the comitted step of glycolysis?
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The phosphofructokinase I enzyme.
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What do all kinases do?
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phosphorylate
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What are some differences in the way muscle tissue and liver tissue use glycolysis?
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Muscles must utilizes anerobic metabolism for ATP production when Oxygen is low. Liver controls the rate of glucose flux through the glycolytic pathway as a function to either provide intermediates from glucose or to maintain the blood glucose levels.
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What do high levels of ATP do to the process of glycolysis, where does this action take place?
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High ATP levels slow down glycolysis at the comitted (3rd) step. They inhibit the PFK action.
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What can overcome the action of ATP on PFC?
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AMP, ADP,cAMP, and Pi
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What do high levels of G6P do to the rate of glycolysis? Where does this action take place
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It slows down the reaction by inhibiting hexo/glucokinases.
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What do high citrate levels do to the glycolysis reaction? Where does this action take place?
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High citrate inhibits the phosphofructokinase action, thus slowing glycolysis.
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What role does Fructose 2 6 phosphate have in glycolysis?
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In the liver F26P activates Phosphofructokinase, thus enhancing glycolysis.
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What do high levels of glucagon do to the reaction of glcolysis?
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High levels of glucagon stop the glycolysis reaction and start the gluconeogenesis reaction.
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What regulates the final step in glycolysis in the liver?
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ATP and alanine negatively inhibit the pyruvate kinase enzyme, while Fructose 1,6, bisphosphate positively effect it.
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What regulates the final step in glycolysis in muscle tissue?
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ATP negatively inhibit pyruvate Kinase.
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Fasting and Glucagon do what to the pyruvate kinase action?
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Inhibit it.
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Insulin and a high carbohydrate diet do what to pyruvat kinase action?
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enhance it.
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In what steps of glycolysis are ATP formed?
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1,3,BPG+ADP+Mg=3PG+ATP
and PEP+APD=Pyruvae+ATP |
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Per glucose, what are the products of glycolysis?
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2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP
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Why does one glucose make two ATP's yet the reaction only costs 1 ATP
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Steps 1 and 3(comitted step)each take 1 ATP, however after the 4th step, two products are formed that can each go through the reaction and each produce 2 ATP's. Thus the total end product is 4-2=2.
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