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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomical characteristics of parasympathetic nerve fibers
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-originates craniosacral
nerve fibers are long preganglionic; short postganglionic -Ganglia is located in tissue innervated |
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anatomical characteristics of sympathetic nerve fibers
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-originates thoracolumbar
nerve fibers are short preganglionic; long preganglionic -ganglia is located in two paravertebral chains on either side of spinal column |
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anatomical characteristics of somatic nerve fibers
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only one neuron
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ALL autonomic preganglionic neurons are _______.
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cholinergic
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ALL parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are _______.
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cholinergic
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MOST sympathetic postganglionic neurons are _________.
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adrenergic
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The adrenal medulla is a modified _______.
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sypathetic ganglion
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“Effector” cells are (give 3)
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cardiac mm, smoothe mm, gland cells, and sometimes endothelial cells and nerve terminals
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Describe biosynthesis of Ach
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synthesized in cytoplasm from acetyl-CoA and choline through catalytic action of enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChaT)
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storage of Ach
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Ach transported from cytoplasm into vesicles by antitransporter that removes protons. A "quanta" of Ach in each vesicle"
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release of Ach
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dependent on extra cellular Ca2+. When AP reaches terminal and triggers sufficient influx of Ca2+. Vesicles fuse with membrane and spit out Ach.
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metabolism of acetylcholine in the cholinergic junction.
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Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) splits Ach into choline and acetate.
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biosynthesis of NE
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Tyrosine transported into the noradernegic ending by sodium dependent carrier. Tyrosine converted to dopamine which is transported into the vesicle by a carrier. Dopamine is converted to NE in the vesicle by dopamine B hydroxylase.
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release of NE
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action potential opens voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and increases intracellular Ca. Vesicles fuse w/ surfuse membrane and results in expulsion of NE.
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metabolism of NE
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NE diffuses out of cell or is transported into cytoplasm of terminal or postjunctional cell.
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parasympathetic presynaptic NT & receptor
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Ach;cholinoreceptor (Ach receptor)
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parasympathetic postsynaptic NT & receptor
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Ach;cholinoreceptor (Ach receptor)
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sypathetic presynaptic NT & receptor
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Ach;cholinoreceptor (Ach receptor)
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Sympathetic postsympathetic NT & receptor
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NE; Adrenoreceptors
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motor end plate NT & receptor
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Ach;cholinoreceptor (Ach receptor)
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role and location of (cholinocereptors) Muscarinic M1
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CNS
results in formation of IP3 & DAG, increased intracellular Ca |
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role and location of (cholinocereptors) Muscarinic M2
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MYOCARDIUM
FUNCTIONS IN OPENING OF POTASSIUM CHANNELS, INHIBITION OF ADENYL CYCLASE |
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role and location of (cholinocereptors) Muscarinic M3
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smooth muscles and glands
Formation of IP3 & DAG, increased intracellular calcium |
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role and location of (Adrenoceptors) alpha1 A1
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postsynaptic effector cells, especially smooth mm
Formation of IP3 & DAG, increased intracellular CA |
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role and location of (Adrenoceptors) alpha2 A2
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Presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals (autoreceptors)
Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decreased cAMP |
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role and location of (Adrenoceptors) Beta1 B1
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heart
Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP |
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role and location of (Adrenoceptors) Beta2 B2
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smooth mm
Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP |
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role and location of (Adrenoceptors) Beta3 B3
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fat cells
Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP |
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Nicotinic NN
Typical location & result of ligand binding |
Postganglionic neurons, some presynaptic cholinergic terminals
Opening of Na+, K+ channels, depolarization |
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Nicotinic NM
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Skeletal muscles neuromuscular end plates
Opening of Na+, K+ channels, depolarization |
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D1 (DA1) & D5
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Brain & smooth muscles of renal vascular bed
Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP |
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D2 (DA2)
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Brain & smooth muscles of renal vascular bed
Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decrease cAMP |
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Local anesthetics, tetrotoxin, saxitoxin
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blocks ACTION POTENTIAL PROPAGATION by acting on nerve axons to block sodium channels and thus block conduction.
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hemicholinium
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prevents TRANSMITTER SYNTHESIS by acting on CHOLINERGIC nerve terminals at the membrane to block the uptake of choline
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alpha-methyltyrosine (metyrosine)
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prevents TRANSMITTER SYNTHESIS by acting on ADRENERGIC nerve terminals and the adrenal medula at the cytoplasm to block NT synthesis
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Vesamicol
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prevents TRANSMITTER STORAGE by by acting of the vesicles in CHOLINERGIC TERMINALS
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Reserphine
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prevents TRANSMITTER STORAGE by by acting of the vesicles in ADERNERGIC TERMINALS
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Norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, angiotensin II, various prostaglandins
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Effects TRANSMITTER RELEASE by acting on nerve terminal membrane receptors to modulate release
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omega-Contoxin GVIA
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Reduces TRANSMITTER RELEASE by acting on nerve terminal calcium channels to reduce transmitter release
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BOTULINUM TOXIN
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Prevents TRANSMITTER RELEASE by acting on CHOLINERGIC vesicles to prevent release
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Alpha latrotoxin
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Effects TRANSMITTER RELEASE by acting on CHOLINERGIC and ADENERGIC vesicles causing an explosive release of NT
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Tyramine, amphetamine
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Promotes TRANSMITTER RELEASE by acting on ADRENERGIC nerve terminals to promote transmitter release
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Cocaine, Tricyclic antidepressants
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Inhibits TRANSMITTER UPTAKE AFTER RELEASE by acting on ADRENERGIC nerve terminals to inhibit uptake and increasing transmitter effect on postsynaptic receptors
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6 Hydroxydopamine
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Effects TRANSMITTER UPTAKE AFTER RELEASE by destroying ADRENERGIC nerve terminals
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Norepenephrine
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Causes RECEPTOR ACTIVATION by acting on receptors at ADENERGIC junctions by binding to alpha receptors causing activation
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Phentolamine
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Causes RECEPTOR BLOCADE by acting on receptors at ADENERGIC junctions by binding to alpha receptors preventing activation
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Isoproterenol
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Causes RECEPTOR ACTIVATION by acting on receptors at ADENERGIC junctions by binding to beta receptors causing activation of adenylyl cyclase
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Propranolol
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Causes RECEPTOR BLOCADE by acting on receptors at ADENERGIC junctions by binding to beta receptors preventing activation
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Nicotine
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Causes RECEPTOR ACTIVATION by binding to receptors at nicotinic CHOLINERGIC junctions (autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular end plates) to bind nicotinic receptors opening ion channels in post synaptic membrane
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Tubocurarine
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Causes RECEPTOR BLOCKADE by acting on neuromuscular end plates to prevent activation
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Bethanechol
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Cuaes RECEPTOR ACTIVATION by acting receptors of parasympathetic effector cells (smooth mm, glands) to bind and activate muscarinic receptors
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Atropine
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Causes RECEPTOR BLOCKADE by acting receptors of parasympathetic effector cells (smooth mm, glands) to bind and inactivate muscarinic receptors
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Neostigmine
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Prevents ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION OF TRANSMITTER by acting on CHOLINERGIC synapses (acetylcholinesterase) to inhibit enzyme and prolong and intensify transmitter action
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Tranylcypromine
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Prevents ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION OF TRANSMITTER by acting on ADRENERGIC nerve terminals (monoamine oxidase) to inhibit enzyme; and increase stored transmitter pool
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Stimulation of Parasympathetic innervation of the CIRCULAR (sphincter)of the iris: effect & receptor
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contraction - miosis –M3
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block of stimulation of Parasympathetic innervation of the CIRCULAR (sphincter mm)of the iris: effect & receptor
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dilation – mydriasis -M3
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Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the RADIAL smooth mm of the iris (dialator mm): effect & receptor
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dilation – mydriasis - alpha1
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Block of stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the RADIAL smooth mm of the iris (dialator mm): effect & receptor
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contraction - miosis –alpha1
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Stimulation of Parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary body (smooth mm): effect & receptor
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contracts – relaxes suspensory ligaments- allows lens to widen – focus for near vision (M3)
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Block stimulation of Parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary body (smooth mm): effect & receptor
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cycloplegia inabilidate to accomidate for near vision (M3)
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Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the ciliary body (smooth mm): effect & receptor
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not under sympathetic control
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Function of canal of schlemm and results of blockage
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drainage of aqueous humor of the eye. If blocked, accumulation of AH results and increase intra ocular pressure. This can cause blindness.
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Parasympathetic and sympathetic considerations at the canal of schlemm
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Stimulation of cholenergic fibers will increase drainage
If you block Ach, you decrease drainage and glaucoma results. Beta blockers interfere w/ production of aqueous humor and are bennifiial for glaucoma. |
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Stimulation of Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder : effect & receptor
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contraction of detrusor mm (bladder wall)--M3, relaxation trigone mm (sphincter)--M3; Result is peeing
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Stimulation of Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder : effect & receptor
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urinary retention -- M3
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Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the bladder : effect & receptor
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relax detrusor mm(B2), constrict trigone mm (a1) causes urinary retention
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Block stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the bladder : effect & receptor
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not too much effect cuz parasymp predominates
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Stimulation of Parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract: effect & receptor
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increase GI motility and tone and relaxation of sphincters and increase in secretion of exocrine glands (m3)
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Blocked stimulation of Parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract: effect & receptor
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constipation (m3)
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Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the GI tract: effect & receptor
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constriction of smooth mm walls - b2, constriction of sphicter a1 - constipation
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Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the GI tract: effect & receptor
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minimal effect – parasymp predominates
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Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the heart: effect & receptor
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increae conduction at SA & AV node, & contraction of ventrical results in increae heart rate -- beta1
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Block stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the heart: effect & receptor
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decrease conduction and heart rate (e.g., beta blockers)
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Stimulation of parasympathetic innervation of the heart: effect & receptor
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L vagus nn-av node-receptor decrease HR (m2) , R vagus nn –sa node- decrease HR(m2)-, no fibers to ventricle.
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Stimulation of parasympathetic innervation of the blood vessels: effect & receptor
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No fibers to blood vessels but some M receptors present
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Block stimulation of parasympathetic innervation of the heart: effect & receptor
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increase HR increase conduction --M2
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_______ innervation predominates in the heart
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parasympathetic
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Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the skin and visceral organ blood vessels: effect & receptor
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constriction of blood vessels -- alpha1
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Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of the skeletal mm blood vessels: effect & receptor
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relaxation of blood vessels -- beta2
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List the determinants of blood pressure
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??
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and describe how the baroreceptor reflex mechanism functions when blood pressure rises or falls
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??
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