Introduction To Microbio

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What is microbiology?

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-the study of microorganisms, a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as singel cells, cell clusters, or communities

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Microbiology examines..

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how microbes interact with humans, with food, and how they can be used BY humans (among other aspects)...

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Microbiology examines..

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-microorganisms-man has utilized microbe for centuries-microbial diversity and evolution-some microbes are pathogens

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Define “microbes”

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-free-living organisms so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye(bacteria, fungi, algae, protists)-typically <100 um long-exceptions: some microbes are large enough to be seen with the naked eye

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e.coli size

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.5um

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saccharomyces cerevisiae

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8um in diameter; eukarya

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heliobacterium modesitcaldum

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1X3um bactia

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Koch

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-publishes a paper on his work with anthrax, pointing explicitly to a bacterium as the cause of this disease

-validates the germ theory of disease

-work on antrhax was presented and his papers on the subject were published under the auspices of Ferdinand Cohn

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Pasteur

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attenuate virulent pathogen of chicken cholera to immunize and not cause disease

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Woese

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uses rRNA analysis to recognize Archaea, whose genetic makeup is distinct but related to bateria and eukarya

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Mullis

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-heat stable enzyme from thermus aquaticus to establish PCR reaction technology

-PCR is used to amplify target DNA many-fold

-awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993

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Venter, smith, fraser

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first complete sequence of Haemophilus influenza

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What are the three domains of living organisms?

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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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What are selected characteristics of Bacteria?

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-no nuclear membrane

-rare or a few membrane bound organelles

-similar to Eukarya

-cell wall is found in nearly all species, contructed of peptidoglycan

-Single RNA polymerase

-histone-like proteins

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What are selected characteristics of Archaea

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-no nuclear membrane

-membrane organelles are rare, a few types found in a few species

-plasma membrane is different from bacteria and eukarya

- cell wall is found in nearly all species, constructed of various materials

- RNA polymerase is a single polymerase, eukaryal-like RNA pol II

-has histones

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What are selected characteristics of Eukarya

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-has a nuclear membrane

-membrane bound organelles has multiple distinct types, found in all species

-plasma membrane is similar to bacteria

-cell wall is found in some species, constructed of various materials

-3 main rna polymerases ( RNA pol I, II, and III)

-has histones

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Where we can find microbes?

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hospitals, vents, catheters, everywhere

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Mention at least 2 uses of microbes and/or the impact ofmicroorganisms on humans.

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bioremediation, biotechnology, food production

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Why are we studying microbiology?

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-there are tons of microbes on earth

-microbes can cause human and animal infections

-microbes can be used in biotechnology, bioremediation

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What do prokaryotes lack ______

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a true nucleus

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Prokaryote microbe classes

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bacteria and archaea

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Eukaryote microbe classes

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protists made up of slime molds, microscopic algae, and protozoafungi

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What has a true nucleus

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eukaryotes

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microbe characteristics

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-source of all life forms

-more phylogenetically diverse than plants and animals

-enormously abundant

-grow in virtually every place on earth where there is liquid water

-carry out transformations of matter essential for life

-transform the geosphere

-affect the climates

-symbiotic relationships with animals, plants, and other microbes

-cause disease

-influence the behavior of animals and plants

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bacteria

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single-celled organism that lack nuclei

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archaea

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single-celled organism that lack nuclei; often found in extreme environments

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fungi

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or multicellular organisms with nuclei; important fordecomposition

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algae

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photosynthetic single-celled or multicellular organisms with nuclei

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protozoa

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single-celled organisms including amoeba and the malaria parasite

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viruses

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non-living infectious particles of protein and either DNA or RNA

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Bacteria and archaea dictated creation of

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prokaryotes

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eukarya created

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eukaryotes

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what lives in extreme environments

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archaea

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eukarya further examples

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fungi, algae, protozoa, plants, animals

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Which has the greater number of domains the prokaryotic world or eukaryotic world?

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prokaryotic world

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cannot be seen microbes have a larger phyla than

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can be seen (macrobes)

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Bacteria tree of life types

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mostly mesophiles with some thermophiles at 65-73dC

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Arachaea tree of life types

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many thermophiles

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eukaryotes

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no thermophiles

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What is the 16S rRNA?

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-a component of the 30 S small subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

-used in reconstructing phylogenies (slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene)

-used to determine bacterial species

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How to sequence DNA

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1. isoalte dna from cells

2. PCR on gene encoding rRNA

3. sequence analysis of DNA

4. Generate phylogenetic tree from sequence

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Is the 16s rRNA conserved within the same species?

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yes

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Relative Sizes of Objects

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a typical euk cell is

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1 um

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______ of microbial infections are caused by

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80%; biofilm

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primary infection

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-subvenous catheter

-artificial hip implant

-mouth

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secondary infection

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-brain

-kidneys

-intervertebral spaces

-hip