Introduction And Development Of The Brain And Cerebral Hemispheres

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 1

Consist of Brain and Spinal Cord

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 2

Consist of spinal and cranial nerves and carries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain.

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Two Functional Divisions of PNS

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·Sensory (Afferent) Division

·Motor (Efferent) Division

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Sensory (Afferent) Division:

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·Somatic Sensory Afferent Fibers

·Visceral Sensory Afferent Fibers

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Somatic Sensory Afferent Fibers (function)

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Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain

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Visceral Sensory Afferent Fibers (function)

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Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

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Motor (Efferent) Division:

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Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs and composed of two main parts.

-Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

-Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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Somatic Nervous System (function)

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Conscious control of skeletal muscles

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Autonomic Nervous System (function)

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Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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Autonomic Nervous System (division)

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-Sympathetic

-Parasympathetic

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Embryonic Development of the Brain

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Happens during the first 26 days of development

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During the first 26 days of development:

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-Ectodorm thickens forming the neutral plate

-The neural plate invaginates, forming the neural groove

-The neural groove fuses dorsally and forms the neural tube.

Anterior to Brain and Posterior to Spinal Cord

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Adult Structure Derived From the Neural Canal: Telencephalon

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Lateral Ventricles

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Adult Structure Derived From the Neural Canal: Diencephalon

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Third Ventricle

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Adult Structure Derived From the Neural Canal: Mesencephalon

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Cerebral Aqueduct

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Adult Structure Derived From the Neural Canal: Metencephalon & Myelencephalon

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Fourth Ventricle

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Spinal Cord (patttern)

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Central cavity surrounded by gray matter core and white matter (made of myelinated fiber tracts) externally

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Cerebral Hemispheres

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Separated by the longitudinal fissure, it forms the superior part of the brain and makes up 83% of brain mass. It surfaces contains ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci), and has three basic regions: cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

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The Five Lobes:

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-Frontal

-Parietal

-Temporal

-Occipital

-Insula

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Central Sulcus

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Separates the frontal and parietal lobes

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Major Gyri and Sulci of Cerebral Hemispheres

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-Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

-Lateral Sulcus

-Precentral and Postcentral Gyri

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Lateral Sulcus

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Seperates the parietal and frontal lobes from temporal lobe

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Precentral and Postcentral Gyri

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Border the central sulcus

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Three Types of Functional Areas:

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Motor Areas: Control voluntary movement.

Sensory Areas: Conscious awareness of sensation

Association Areas: Intergrate divers information

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Motor Areas

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-Primary (somatic) Motor Cortex

-Premotor Cortex

-Broca's Area

-Frontal Eye Field

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Primary (Somatic) Motor Cortex:

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-Located in the precentral gyrus

-Pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts

-Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, and voluntary movements

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Premotor Cortex

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-Located anterior to the precentral gyrus

-Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills

-Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions

-Involved in the planning of movements

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Broca's Area

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-Located anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area

-Present in one hemisphere (usually left)

-A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue

-Is active as one prepares to speak

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Frontal Eye Field

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-Located anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca's area

-Controls voluntary eye movement

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Sensory Areas

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-Primary Somatosensory Cortex

-Somatosensory Association Cortex

-Visual Area

-Auditory Area

-Olfactory, Gustatory, and Vestibular Cortices

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Primary Somatosensory Cortex

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-Located in the post-central gyrus

-Receives information about the skin and skeletal muscles

-Exhibits spatial discrimination

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Somatosensory Association Cortex

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-Located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex

-Intergrates sensory information

-Forms comprehensive understanding of the stimulus

-Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts

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Visual Area

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-Primary Visual (Striate) Cortex

-Visual Association Area

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Primary Visual (Striate) Cortex

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-Seen on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe

-Most of it is buried in the calcarine sulcus

-Receives visual information from the retinas

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Visual Association Area

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-Surrounds the primary visual cortex

-Interprets visual stimuli (color, form, and movement)

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Auditory Area

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-Primary Auditory Cortex

-Auditory Association Area

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Primary Auditory Cortex

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-Located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe

-Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness

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Auditory Association Area

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-Located posterior to the primary auditory cortex

-Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds

-Wernicke's area

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(Multimodal) Association Areas

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-Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex)

-Posterior Association Area

-Limbic Association Area

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Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex)

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-Located in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe

-Involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (cognition), recall, and personality

-Contains working memory

-Necessary for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning, and conscience

-Closely linked to the limbic system

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Posterior Association Area

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-Ill-defined region including parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

-Found in one hemisphere (usually left)

-Integrates incoming signals into a single thought

-Involved in processing spatial relationships

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Limbic Association Area

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-Includes the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus

-Involved in emotion and memory

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Lateralization (of Cortical Function)

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Each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner

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Left Hemisphere

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Controls language, math, and logic

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Right Hemisphere

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Controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills

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Cerebral White Matter (consists)

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Consists of deep myelinated fibers and their tracts

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Cerebral White Matter (responsibility)

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Responsible for communication between cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers as well as areas of cerebrum

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Types of White Matter

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-Commisures

-Association Fibers

-Projection Fibers

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Commisures

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Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres (between hemispheres)

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Projection Fibers

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Enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers, and those leave the cortex to lower areas (cerebral cortex to or from lower area)

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Association Fibers

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Connect different parts of the same hemisphere (within hemisphere)

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Basal Nuclei (describe)

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Masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter

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Functions of Basal Nuclei

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-Influence muscular activity

-Regulate attention and cognition

-Regulate intensity of slow or stereotype movements

-Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement