Intro To The Modern Middle East

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exchange of letters, concerning the future political status of the Arab lands under the Ottoman Empire

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Hussein-McMahon Correspondance

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secret Arab Nationalist Party within the Ottoman Empire

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al-Fatat

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secret agreement between the governments of the UK and France, with the assent of Imperial Russia, defining their respective spheres of influence and control in west Asia after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

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Sykes-Picot Agreement

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a formal statement of policy by the British government stating that "His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."[1]

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Balfour Declaration of 1917

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agreeing to implement a "complete and final liberation" of countries that had been part of the Ottoman Empire including the establishment of democratic governments in Syria and Mesopotamia

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Anglo-French Declaration

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a short-lived agreement for Arab-Jewish cooperation on the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.

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Faisal–Weizmann Agreement

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agreement committed both parties to conducting all relations between the groups by the most cordial goodwill and understanding, to work together to encourage immigration of Jews into Palestine on a large scale while protecting the rights of the Arab peasants and tenant farmers, and to safeguard the free practice of religious observances. The Muslim Holy Places were to be under Muslim control.

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Faisal–Weizmann Agreement

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The Zionist movement undertook to assist the Arab residents of Palestine and the future Arab state to develop their natural resources and establish a growing economy

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Faisal–Weizmann Agreement

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The boundaries between an Arab State and Palestine should be determined by a Commission after the Paris Peace Conference.

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Faisal–Weizmann Agreement

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The parties committed to carrying into effect the Balfour Declaration of 1917, calling for a Jewish national home in Palestine.

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Faisal–Weizmann Agreement

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Disputes were to be submitted to the British Government for arbitration.

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Faisal–Weizmann Agreement

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the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War I

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Treaty of Sèvres

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encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries which resulted with the creation and shaping of the Republic of Turkey, a consequence of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.

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Turkish National Movement

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agreements ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and established armistice lines between Israel and the Jordanian-held West Bank, also known as the Green Line.

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1949 Armistice Agreements

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mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula which Israel had captured during the 1967 Six-Day War

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Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty

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agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran, the Gulf of Aqaba and the taba - rafah straights as international waterways

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Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty

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early attempt by the international community to start a peace process through negotiations involving Israel and the Palestinians as well as Arab countries including Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan

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Madrid Conference of 1991

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first direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and political representatives of Palestinians

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Oslo Accords

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treaty normalized relations between Israel and Jordan and resolved territorial disputes between them.

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Israel–Jordan peace treaty

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ultimately unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a "final status settlement" to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

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2000 Camp David Summit

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an Arab League plan to divert two of the three sources of the Jordan River, and prevent them from flowing into the Sea of Galilee, in order to thwart Israel's plans to use the water of the Hasbani and Banias in its National Water Carrier project for out of Basin irrigation.

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Headwater Diversion Plan

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task is to transfer water from the Sea of Galilee in the north of the country to the highly populated center and arid south and to enable efficient use of water and regulation of the water supply in the country.

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National Water Carrier of Israel

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movement for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea.

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Pan Arabism

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was the Sharif of Mecca, and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself king of Hejaz, which received international recognition. In 1924, he further proclaimed himself Caliph of all Muslims.

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Hussein bin Ali

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the region of Arabic-speaking countries to the east of Egypt and north of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Mashriq

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members of one of the Syriac Eastern Catholic Churches, with a heritage reaching back to Maron in the early 5th century.

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Maronite Christians

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called by Israel the Operation Peace of the Galilee

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1982 Lebanon War

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Part of the secular, left-wing, Palestinian rejectionist front, so-called because they reject proposals for a peaceful settlement with Israel,

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Abu Nidal Organization

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goal was the liberation of Palestine through armed struggle

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P.L.O.

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By the power granted under the mandate, Britain ruled Palestine in the years 1920-1948

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British Mandate of Palestine

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served as an umbrella organization for the Zionist movement, which aimed at creating a Jewish State of Israel in the region then known as Palestine.

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World Zionist Movement

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The finances of the WZO were conducted by

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Jewish Colonial Trust

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founded in London as the Anglo Palestine Company on February 27, 1902 by members of the Zionist movement to promote the industry, construction, agriculture, and infrastructure of Palestine.

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Bank Leumi

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a modern stream of Judaism that arose out of intellectual currents in Germany in the mid-19th century and took institutional form in the United States in the early 1900s.

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Conservative Judiaism

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deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith

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Conservative Judiaism

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positive attitude toward modern culture

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Conservative Judaisim

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acceptance of both traditional rabbinic modes of study and modern scholarship and critical text study when considering Jewish religious texts

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Conservative Judaisim

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one of the two North American denominations affiliated with the World Union for Progressive Judaism. It is the largest denomination of American Jews today

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Reform Judaisim

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international umbrella organization for the Reform, Liberal, Progressive and Reconstructionist movements."[1] This overall Jewish religious movement is based in about 40 countries with more than 1,000 affiliated synagogues.

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World Union for Progressive Judaism

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Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces.

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Haganah

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was an elected parliamentary assembly of the Yishuv (Jewish community) in Mandatory Palestine, founded in 1920.[1]

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Asefat ha-Nivharim

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founded in December 1920 in Haifa as a Jewish trade union which would also provide services for members such as an employment exchange, sick pay, and consumer benefits. Its initial goals were to provide a federation for all Jewish workers in the British Mandate of Palestine, promote land settlement, promote workers' rights against management and to promote Jewish employment despite the lower wages paid to Arabs

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Histadrut

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riots followed rising tensions in Arab-Jewish relations over the implications of Zionist immigration, tensions which coincided with attacks on outlying Jewish settlements in the Galilee. Speeches by Arab Palestinian religious leaders during the festival, in which traditionally large numbers of Muslims gathered for a religious procession, led to a serious outbreak of violent assaults on the city's Jews.

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Nabi Musa Riots

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was a British Royal Commission of Inquiry set out to propose changes to the British Mandate of Palestine following the outbreak of the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

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Peel Commission

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was a policy paper issued by the British government under Neville Chamberlain in which the idea of partitioning the Mandate for Palestine, as recommended in the Peel Commission Report of 1937, was abandoned in favor of creating an independent Palestine governed by Palestinian Arabs and Jews in proportion to their numbers in the population by 1949

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White Paper of 1939

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decision recommended the division of the western portion of the Mandate of Palestine into two provisional states, one Jewish and one Arab, and provided the framework for a regional economic union. The General Assembly also recommended that the City of Jerusalem not be included in either state, but, rather, be placed under a special international regime administered by the United Nations (a corpus separatum

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United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

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unilaterally proclaimed the establishment of an independent state called the "State of Palestine" but at that time the PLO had no control of any territory

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Palestinian Declaration of Independence

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the commission of the League of Nations responsible for oversight of mandates

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Permanent Mandates Commission

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served as the pre-state Jewish government before the establishment of Israel and later became the organization in charge of immigration and absorption of Jews from the Diaspora.

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The Jewish Agency for Israel

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a police and military operation conducted by the British authorities in the British Mandate of Palestine. Soldiers and police searched for arms and made arrests in Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv, and Haifa, and in several dozen settlements; the semi-official Jewish Agency was raided

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Operation Agatha

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the first Prime Minister of Israel

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David Ben Gurion

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covert Israeli military operation to take Ethiopian Jews to Israel.

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Operation Solomon

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refers to Jewish immigration to Eretz Israel

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Aliyah

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its demand "that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth

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Biltmore Conference

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an international meeting of the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council, held in Sanremo, Italy, from 19 to 26 April 1920

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San Remo conference

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an uprising in protest against mass Jewish Immigration, which lasted from 1936 to 1939, by Arabs in the British Mandate of Palestine.

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1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

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refers to a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929 when a long-running dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem escalated into violence

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1929 Palestine riots

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was a joint British and American attempt in 1946 to agree upon a policy as regards the admission of Jews to Palestine. The Committee was tasked to consult representative Arabs and Jews on the problems of Palestine, and to make other recommendations 'as may be necessary' to the British and American governments.

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Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry

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person who identifies as an Arab on linguistic or cultural grounds

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Arab

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are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey

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Turks

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a supra-ethnic significance and has been historically referred to a part of Iranian peoples

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Persians

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a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.

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Jews

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a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands

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Armenians

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an Ethnic-Iranian ethnolinguistic group mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. Substantial Kurdish communities also exist in the cities of western Turkey, and they can also be found in Lebanon, Armenia, Azerbaijan and, in recent decades, some European countries and the United States (see Kurdish diaspora). They speak Kurdish, an Indo-European language of the Iranian branch.

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Kurds

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are an ethnic group whose origins lie in the Fertile Crescent, their homeland today being divided between Northern Iraq, Syria, Western Iran, and Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia.

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Assyrian People