Intro To Special Ed

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Dyslexia

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A reading disability

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Federal Definition

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"specific learning disability" means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written

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Disorders Include

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perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, developmental aphasia

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Disorders Not Included

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a learning problem that does not include a learning problem that is primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage

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RTI

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Response to Intervention: way of determining whether a student has a learning disability; increasingly intensive levels of instructional intervention are delivered, and if the student does not achieve, at some point, he or she is determined to have a learning disability or is referred for special education evaluation

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Achievement Ability Discrepancy

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Academic performance markedly lower than would be expected on the basis of a student's intellectual ability

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Primary Prevention

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first tier, based on growing complaints from researchers and policy makers: teaching disability

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CBM (curriculum Based Measurement):

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formative evaluation method designed to evaluate performance in the curriculum to which students are exposed; usually involves giving students a small sample of items from the curriculum in use in their schools; proponents argue that CBM is preferable to comparing students with national norms or using tests that do not reflect the curriculum content learned by the students

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Progress Monitoring

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brief, frequent measures of performance used to determine whether a student is learning as expected; if student isn't learning as expected, the teacher can make changes to the instruction

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Prevalence

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5-6% with learning disabilities

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Genetic Factors

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tendency for learning disabilities to run in families

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Academic Achievement Problems

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if there is no academic problem, a learning disability does not exist

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Phonemic Awareness

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understanding that speech consists of small units of sound, such as words, syllables, and phonemes

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Testing Accommodations

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Extended time & small groups

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Perseveration

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a tendency to repeat behaviors over and over again; often found in people with brain injury, as well as those with ADHD

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ADHD

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most authorities estimate that from 3-7% of the school-age population have ADHD, more frequent in boys

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Other Health Impaired

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ADHD: eligible for special education

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4 compounds

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medical exam, clinical interviews, teacher & parent rating scale, behavioral observation

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Executive functions

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prefrontal lobes: two lobes in the very front of the frontal lobes; responsible for executive functions; site of abnormal development in people with ADHD

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Adaptive Skills

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needed to adapt to one's living environment, usually estimated by an adaptive behavior survey; one of two major components of the AAMR definition

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Socializing

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students with ADHD are rejected more often by their peers, have fewer close friends, and are disliked by students who enjoy high social status

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Prevalence

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Long lasting prevalence (life)

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Nonresponders

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30% do not respond to ritalin

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EDBD

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unable to attach: aren't typically good at making friends

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Current definitions

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behavior that goes to extremes
problem that is chronic
behavior that is unacceptable b/c of social or cultural expectations

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Conduct disorder

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characterized by overt, aggressive, disruptive behavior or covert antisocial acts such as stealing, lying, and fire setting; may include both overt and covert acts

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Schizophrenia

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characterized by psychotic behavior manifested by loss of contact with reality, distorted thought processes, and abnormal perceptions

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How many kids exhibit serious and persistent emotional/behavioral problems

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6-10%: only serve 1%

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Causes

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biological, pathological, undesirable experiences, negative cultural: unusual to find a single cause

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Path to success at school

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supportive family, safe neighborhood, and good schools
leads to development of adaptive behavior
produces positive short-term outcomes
to positive, adaptive long-term outcomes

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Identification

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conduct disorder attracts immediate attention

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Service delivery

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outside regular classrooms (danger to students)

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Transition

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difficult to design special education programs because students with emotional or behavior disorders are varied

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Kanner's Paper

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Asperger: an inability to relate to others in an appropriate manner

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Echolalia

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parroting repetition of words or phrases either immediately after they are heard or later; often observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorders

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Autism Spectrum Disorders

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five similar conditions: autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; all involve varying degrees of problems with communication skills, social interactions, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior

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Characteristics

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1. communication skills
2. social interactions
3. repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior

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Asperger

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a milder form of autism without significant impairments in language and cognition; characterized by primary problems in social interaction

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Rett Syndrome

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normal development for five months to four years, followed by regression and intellectual disabilities (mental retardation); much more prevalent in females

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Refrigerator Mom

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unresponsive mothers, once used to refer to mothers of children with autism

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Cause of autism spectrum disorders

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neurological

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What are the chances of one family member having autism if another family member has it?

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50-200 times

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When is autism noticed/diagnosed?

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3 - 5 years