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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trouble
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Personal Needs, problems and diffculties
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symbolic interaction
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focuses on ppls response to what others are doing
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social status
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a position in the social structure
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rights
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the behaviors that a person assuming a role can demand or expect from others
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role
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the behavior expected of a status
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social structure
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two or more people occupying social statuses and enacting roles
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symbol
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something physical to which people assign a name, meaning, or value
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conflict theory
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society is characterized by inequality and conflcit, who benefits?
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colonias
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dirty, unsanitized, more than 500,000 ppl live in them. They are in the U.S near the mexican border
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dysfunction
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disruptive consequences
ex. prison> increase crime |
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latent function
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unintended function
ex: prisons> cheap labor/jobs |
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manifest function
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obvious, intended function
ex: prisons> reduce crimes |
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stuctual functionalism
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society is a complex system of parts which promotoe stablitty.
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sociological theory
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tell how society operate, ppl relate to one another in response to their surroundings
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Max Weber
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analyze and explain the course and the consequences of social actions
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Emile Durkheim
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socs. tasks is to analyze and explain solidarity( ties that bind ppl together)and the effects of susicide
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Bourgeoisie
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the owners of the means of production who exploit the labor of the proletariat
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proletariat
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those who muct sell their labor to the bourgeoisie
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means of production
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the resources( land, tools) essential to produce and distribute goods and services
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Karl Marx
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socs. task was to explain and anaylze conflict( the major source that drives social change)
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Industrial revolution
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changed the nature of work and the ways in which ppl interacted w/one another
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institution
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Emerged over time for human interaction and to meet some social need
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issue
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can be explained by factors outside an indvid. control and immediate environment
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social interaction
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when ppl communicate w/ lang. and gestures to affect one anothers behavior and thinking
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macrosoc.
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study of large social phenenena (groups and organizations)
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microsoc
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study of face to face interaction between ppl. (who makes more eye contact, men or women?)
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soc.
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the study of patterns in human interaction, the study of groups
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obligations
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the relationship and behavior that the person enactiing a role must assume toward others in a particualr status
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status symbol
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signs that identify a status
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ascribed status
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involuntary; assigned to a person at birth
ex: black, gender, postion in family |
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achieved status
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earned; attained largely through one's own effort
ex: occupation,education) |
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master status
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a status that is especially powerful in determining a persons identity
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role set
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the roles associated w/ ones stauts
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role conflict
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what is expected of us in one role conflicts w/ what is expected of us in another role
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drama approach
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social interaction occurs in a "theather"
people "act" to impress |
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front stage
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how you act in front of ppl. what is expected of you
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back stage
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ppl can do things that are inappropate or unexpected on the front stage.
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impression managment
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ppl share their dress, words, gestures to fit the social situation
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scapegoat
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a person on group blamed for conditions the that the leaders cannot control
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deviance
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violation of norms, varies across space, time, or group. any behavior can be defined as DV. every culture has a rule or say on DV
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conformity
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behavior and appearence that follows a group. accepts cultural goals and the pursuit of these goals through legit means
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social control
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methods used to teach, or force a group members to comply with and not DV from its norms and expectations
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Norm
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rules ppl are expected to observe
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folkway
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norm of everyday life
ex: what you wear to church, when we eat |
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mores
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norms that are considered important to the moral well-being of a group. vilolations result in sever punishment
ex: canabalism |
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sanctions
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reactions of approval or disapproval to other behavior or appearance
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Positive sanction
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an expression of approval
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negative sanction
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an expression of disapproval for noncompliance
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Formal sanction
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applied by an organization/agency
ex: dipolma from formal body |
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informal sanction
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spontaneous or unoffical reaction
ex: dirty look |
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crime
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behavior that breaks the law
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law
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norms defined by a government
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crack/cocaine disparity
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certain racial groups get charged harder sentences from the same drug
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psychological view on DV
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personalities are not necessarily criminal
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strain theory
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DV occurs when socirty doesnt provide the legit means to achieve cultural goals
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conformist
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accepts cultural goals, uses acceptal means. Ppl who have not violated the rules of a group and are treated accordingly
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innovators
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accepts cultural goals but uses rejects legit means to obtain goals
ex: drug dealer |
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ritualists
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rejects cultural goals,"goes through the motions" uses legit means
ex: teacher |
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retreatism
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rejects cultural and the means of achieveing those goals
ex: drug addict |
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rebels
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tries to change cultual goals, uses DV means
ex: terrorist |
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differential association
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criminal(and non) behavior is learned from primary groups
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DV subculture
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breaks the norms of the larger society
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control theory
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social bonds that keep us from DV
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attachment
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connection to parents, teachers, conforming friends ( learn self control)
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commitment
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set goals (socially acceptable)
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involvement
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busy life; keeps from DV
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belief
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accept convential values
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Labeling Theory
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reaction from other ppl lead to DV
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self fulfilling prophecy
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believeing that something is true about you, and acting in a way that makes it true
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research steps
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1.select the topic
2.review the litature 3.identify core concepts 4.choose a reseach design forming a HYPOTHESIS 5. analyze the results 6.report the findings |
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research question
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what you are trying to find out
ex: How sexually active are college students? |
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variable
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trait or characteristic that can change under different conditions
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operational definition
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clear deifintions on how to observe and measure concepts and variables
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hypothesis
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an educated guess about how variables are related
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dependent variable
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the variable to be explained or predicted
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independent variable
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the variable that explains or predicts the dependent variable
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population
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the total number of indiv., traces, docs, or groups that could be studied
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sample
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a portion of the cases from a larger pop.
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sampling frame
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a complete list of every cases in the pop.
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random sample
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every case has an equal chance of being selected
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rep. sample
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those selected for study have the same distribution of characteristic as the pop. chosen for the study
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generalizablitity
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findings can be applied to the larger pop. from which the sample is drawn
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survey
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ask ppl questions
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experiment
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using highly controlled conditions
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control group
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the ppl who do not recieve treatment
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experimental group
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the ppl who recieve treatement
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confederate
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a person who is working in cooperation w/ a reseach project
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secondary sources
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data that have been collected by other researchers for some other purpose
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field research
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in dept, broader understading of process, small groups cannot generalize
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participatnt observation
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reseachers directly interact w/ participants
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non participation observation
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involves watching and listening, the researcher does not interact with the participant
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Nuremburg Code
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1. consent
2. can terminate or refuse participation 3. no stress 4. clear benefits |
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Tusegee study
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" the longest research" unethical b/c didnt tell men they had diesease
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culture
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societys total way of life
defined by meanings |
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Principles of Culture
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culture consists of material and nonmaterial components
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material culture
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objects
ex: telephone, car, money all have a particular meaning |
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nonmaterial culture
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ways of thinking and doing
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beliefs
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conceptions that ppl accept as true about how the wolrd works and where ppl fit in it
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values
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shared conception of what is good, right, approiate
ex: marriage, pursuit bad guys |
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language
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system of word meaning and symbols
permeates all parts of society |
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idiom
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words put together that have a different literally meaning of each word.
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feeling rules
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norms that specify appropiate ways express internal bodily sensations
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diffusion
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an idea, or invention is borrowed from a foregin source
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Culture shock
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strain ppl from one culture experience when put in a new culture
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ethnocentrism
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the tendency to assume that ones culture and ways of life are superior to all others
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reverse entho.
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says other cultures are better than theirs
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cultural relativism
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understanding another culture w/o judging it
views ppls behavior from the perspective of their own culture |
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subculture
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groups that share in some part of the dominant culture but have their own norms, lang,ect
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socialization
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a lifelong process by which ppl develop an identity and learn about society/ culture
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internalization
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accept binding values, beliefs and lang needed to participate in the larger community
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collective memory
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past experiences of some ppl which are share by many ppl
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group
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share a distinct identity, feel sense of belonging, and interact w/ eachother
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primary group
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members have strong ties and face to face contact
ex:family |
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secondary group
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larger, formal, impersonal. shared interest or activity
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ingroup
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ppl identify w/, feel closely attached, founded on hatered toward outgroup
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outgroup
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members of the ingroup feel hatred,seperated from, and opposition
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role taking
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stepping out of oneself and imagingin how others view your appearence.
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total institution
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ppl surrender total control of their lives, volintary and non, to staff
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generalized other
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expected behaviors, meaning and viewpoints that transcend those of the ppl participating
ex: attitude of the whole community |
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looking glass self
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ppl see themselves reflected in others imagined reactions to their appearance and behaviors
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George Mead
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the I and Me concept the Me is social and follows norms and the I is the one that is sometimes looked at as inapporpaite or sometimes unique
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Charles Cooley
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used the lookin glass self to descibe the way ppl feel and see themsleves in the face of others.here we develop pride or shame
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harriet martineau
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conducted research on the U.S, see all the country and its diversity
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W.E.B Dubois
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20th century is the color line, flaws is U.S system of racial classification
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society
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system of social interaction
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