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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Quantitative
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one of the ways to analyze data used in the US ; statistics math numbers and computers 2nd hand data
ie FBI us census to develop strong hypothesis |
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Qualitative
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one of the 2 ways to analyze data
surveys with people, observations, interviews, experiments, european approach |
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Auguste Compte
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1798-1857 coined sociology in 1838 positive scientific approach to knowledge base, and positive facts oppose to mere speculation
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structural functional
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framework building theory that says society is a complex system where whole parts work together to promote solidarity and stability focuses on the positive parts
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scientific method
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1 topic
2 research 3 educated guess/hypothesis 4 research methods 5 conclusion |
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structured vs unstructured
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1 - uses a plan and sticks to it
the other may incorporate other stories, or additional information |
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non participant vs participant
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one may observe from afar while the other is involved with the group or person.
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open vs covered
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1 let them know your observing or joining,
2 doesn't tell anyone about your observance or participation |
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max weber
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verstehen meaning understanding
born 1864 one of the father's of sociologyhistorical-comparative studies. The ideal-type is mainly discussing Moral ideals. Weber used this method to form an ideal-type bureaucracy with the following: hierarchy, impersonality, written rules of conduct, promotion based on achievement, specialized division of labor, and efficiency. Weber defined such bureaucracies as goal oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals (Verstehen). Weber saw many advantages in bureaucracies but he also saw that sometimes the power shifted only to those at the top and resulted in an oligarchy. |
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William F. White
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1937 4 years hung around italian immigrants covered participant research and wrote a book about it in boston
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Raphael Ezekial
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1994 the racist mind, traveled and went to hate groups and wrote a book, open participation
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Hawthorne experiment
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1930's factory
Light bulbs increased worker efficiency, and after they were removed worker efficiency remained high. Reason being: they felt valued (the workers) *importance of the hawthorne effect is subject's awareness caused them to act out of character. one of the negatives about open research |
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culture
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way of thinking acting material objects that together form a people's way of life
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Saphir-whorf thesis hypothesis
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people see the world through the cultural lens of language
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ethno-centrism
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practice of judging another culture to the standards of one's own
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cultural transmission
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process by which one generation passes culture to the next
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cultural change
cultural integrity cultural lag |
1 how culture has changed over time, in the 60's more ppl wanted to develop a better philosophy on life now they want money
2 more divorces than before 3 test tube babies; while science leaps ahead, cultures sometimes have trouble adjusting; abortion |
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what are the 3 major schols of thought
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structural functional
symbolic interaction social conflict theory |
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Structural func theory
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10 parts or social institutions
no change views society as complex system and all the parts that function to fullfill the needs of the whole society and individuals to maintain stability and order: conservative |
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Herbert spencer
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1820-1903
"survival of the fittest" coined society to human body: biologistical law; |
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Emile Durkheim
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1858-1917 1st to look into suicide
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Talcott Parsons
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1902-1979
dealt with poverty crime racism sexism functional for society. |
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Robert Merton
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1910-2003
called social philosopher that believed society was self regulated. |
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Charles Darwin
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1809-1882
social darwinisms: based on natural selectuion, success was from the most intelligent ambitious productive ppl, who are likely to survive at the expense of the less able |
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Adam smith
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Lasse-faire hands off the biz
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interactionism
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2nd school of thought symboic interaction theory; theoretical perspective that focuses on the interaction btw individuals language and other symbols
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George H mead
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1863-1931 main person w interactionism. most like him are sociopsychologist because they focus on the individual
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Erving Goffman
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1922-1982
development of self; watched how ppl interacted, developed concept called "dramaturgical approach":when we interact w ea. other we pose as actors, to influence ppl in our interests. |
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Impression management
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attempt to present ourselves to others so they will see us as we wish to be seen, Wearing a mask
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sociology
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the systematic study of human society
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sociological perspective
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seeing the general in the particular
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sociological imagination
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by C Wright Mills
helps us understand everyday events, and society not ppl's personal failings is the main cause of poverty and other social problems. |
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Lenore Weitzman
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1985-1996
Discovered that women who leave marriages lose income; and thus social programs were designed to help women. |
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4 things that the sociological perspective helps with
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1. Assess the truth of common sense, and examine what is considered a common belief, and which extent that is true of that belief.
2. See opportunities and constraints. 3. active partcipation in our society. 4. Helps us be more open minded and live in a diverse world. |
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positivism
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comte's approach to knowledge based on positive facts as oppose to mere speculation
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structural functional approach
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sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity.
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Sociological perspective shows us about whom any individual marries::
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The operation of society guides many of our personal choices.
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The discipline of sociology first developed in
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countries w rapid social changes
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Sociology's social - conflict draws attention to
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patterns of inequality, race sex income ect.
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Empirical evidence is important with sociological imagination because it...
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helps us distinguish what is true, as it is info we can verify with our senses.
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When trying to measure one's social class you would have to keep in mind that..
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there are several ways to operationalize this variable
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Interpretive sociology is a research orientation that
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focuses on the meanings ppl attach to behavior
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In participant observation the problem of breaking in to a setting is often solvd by help from a.) key informat
b.) research assistant c.) bigger budget |
Key informat
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Micro vs Macro sociology
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1. study small details ppl as they interact and express ideas, then create the world they want to live in
2. broader aspect of society ie corp. families, strong laws, leadership |
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The critical sociology research orientation is linked most closely to which theoretical approach?
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social conflict
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Hx of sociology w respect to feudalism, caste system the main problem
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ppl in soceity always in conflict over scarce resources, powerful ppl or nations through force can make less powerful ppl conform to their values and demands.
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False Consciousness
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belief that shortcomings are fault of individual themselves rather than society.
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Mores vs folkways
what is norms? |
1. norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance: taboos sex with children: can punish
2 norms for routine or casual interaction such as ties at dinner party, or handshakes etiquette: little moral significance 3. Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of it's members. |
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How do people maintain the sociological norms?
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Through laws, ridicule outcasts ect.
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High and low brow
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beliefs and values
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formal positive
formal negative |
1. employee always on time and you give that employee a raise
2. Empolyee is always late, gets fired |
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informal positive
informal negative |
1. hold door, someone smiles
2. farts and someone gives you dirty looks, or laughs at you :P |
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2 linguists/anthropologist that relate culture to language/symbols
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Saphir-wharf
they say words have big meanings language precedes thought |
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Cultural universals
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features that all cultures have in common
families, value of life, government, need to have sex, basic needs, values that are important through many cultures |
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William Ogburn
what's he all about and what are 3 examples |
1964
Cultural lag where inconsistencies btw material and non material culture are apparent. some cultural elements may chagne more faster than others causing disruption. ie: telephone 1876 airplane 1903 computer 1940 |
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Ideas created by members of society are called
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Nonmaterial culture
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What is a symbol?
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anything that has meaning to ppl who share a culture
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Judging another culture using the standards of your own culture is considered::
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Ethnocentrisms
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socialization
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life long process by which ppl learn the values of norms and roles of their culture and thus develop a sense of self or self - development
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nature vs nuture
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she says 25% 75%
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Sociobiologists study:
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genes, heredity, iq, sexual orientation, diseases, criminal behavior
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ie of Scientific Racism
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Blacks don't evolve, or that blacks are apes but below modern human standards
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Emotional development
and Emotional sociolization |
1. as an infant it is important that your EQ helps you develop a better learning ability ie. music linked to math
2. Emphasizes IQ and EQ identification of feelings. |
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Symbolic interactionists theories and several micro-sociologist
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George Herbert Mead
Charles Hortin Cooley Irvin Goffman |
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Looking glass process
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Mainly by Charles Hortin Cooley
whenever we interact our personality is mirrored by other ppl, our self image results from how we interpret how the other ppl view us |
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Reflexive thinking
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Irvin Goffman
observing myself from another's viewpoint ie: what would my teacher think if I sat there and said nothing all day :P |
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How kids self develop and the 3 role taking stages
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George Herbert Mead
kids develop self through a process of role taking 1. prep stage age 0-2 years old they imitate ppl mimick, but have no self aware 2. play stage 2-6 pretend to be a significant other, like daddy or mommy, understands their self 3. Game stage 7- adolescence generalized other: society at large, social beings. |
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Sigmond Freud
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1856-1939
developed metaphysical psyche: with Superego, ego, id we are born with an I-Part |
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Eric Erickson
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1902-1994 Geromtology and geriatrics
he studied old ppl and the 8 stages of our life how we take certain tasks and roles and resocialize after each strage. |
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Social aging
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how we take on a snior citizen role as we age and get old
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Disengagement theory
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a Structural Functional theory in which old ppl don't matter and everything is just fine, similar to the sunshine theory
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Master status
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status that has special importance for social identity, often shapes a person's entire life
AIDs, women in societies that are pure patriarchy, Handicaps |
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Ranked roles
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can be ranked horizontally,
there can be other class rooms w other students, |
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Role
what does it have to do with status |
Pattern or behavior according to ppls status
ppl can have man roles with a single status, and both roles and status shape the pattern of relationships and interaction among individuals |
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Role Conflict
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Mother or a hooker
Man or a ballerina Friendly boss who is not strict enough, |
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What term defines who we are and what we are in relation to others?
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Status a collection of rights and duties, ranked positions people hold throughout their life
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Role set refers to
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the number of roles matched with a single status
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social groups define
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a collection of ppl who share characteristics interact and have feelings of unity
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group think vs leadership
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group behavior such as gangs fraternaties sororities, which reduces the capacity for crit. thinking, and can maintain concensus to the extent of ignoring the truth
ie. republicans and democrats have tunnel vission. |
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ingroup vs outgroups
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the groups that are pertaining to what we speak of, and the latter are groups that our outside that group.
ie. if talking about drug addicts, the druggies would be the in-group, and everyone else who doesn't not do drugs are the out group. |
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primary and secondary groups
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primary are essential, friends family
secondary ie school work |
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Deviance
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behavior that parts from an accepted standard or norm; that elicits a negative reaction to the act.
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Who says what is deviant or not?
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Most of the time WASPS, or those in power.
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Deviant behavior
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any act considered by public consensus and the powerful at a given time and place to be a violation of some social norm.
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