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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1870's &1880's
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electricity and Crookes tube(cathode ray tube that was forerunner to fluorescent lamp and neon sign)
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November 8, 1895
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date the x-ray was discovered
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father of radiography
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Wilhelm C. Roentgen
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Mysterious energy x-ray
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x for unknown
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____ identified nearly all properties of x-rays known today
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Roentgen
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In 1901 Roentgen received _____
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the first Nobel Prize in physics
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Image of _____ , Roentgen's wife, caused her to exclaim "____"
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Bertha, I've seen my death
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1st documented radiograph in the US
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February 1896 at Dartmouth college, of fx wrist of boy
*1st picture of an experiment |
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HC Snook Developed
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the interrupterless transformer
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William Coolidge designed the
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"Hot Cathode" x-ray tube in 1910
(prototype of modern tube) |
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what was first used to create the radiographic image
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glass plates with photographic emulsion
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WWI Caused
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shortage of glass plates due to factory workers being called to war
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In 1914 the government contacted ____ and the 1st radiographic film was introduced
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George Eastman
(film-cellulose nitrate) |
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Pupin introduced ______ which made the effect of the radiation greater
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intensifying screens
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The first fluoroscope and fluorescent properties of chemicals were invented/discovered by ______
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Thomas Edison
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1896 intensifying screens used ____, in the 1970's used of ______
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Calcium tungsate,
phosphorus salts |
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1st radiation casualty recorded in the US
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Clarence Dally(Edison's assistant) in 1904. he lived 9 years beyond x-ray discovery
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Early imaging injuries to both patients and doctors
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skin burns
hair loss anemia |
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Source to skin distance can be no closer than ______
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12 inches, closer than that can cause burns
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early radiography pioneers lived to their_____
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40's
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Father of Medicine
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Hipocrates 500-450 BC
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latent image
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invisible image on film before processing
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1986 kilgore
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started their radiology program
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4 requirements for x-ray production
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1. vacuum
2. source of electrons 3. target for the electrons 4. high potential difference(voltage) between the electron source and the target |
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negAtive end of the tube
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cathode
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positive end of tube
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anode
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free electrons called_____ provide the needed electrons to produce x-ray
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space charge
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repeating wave pattern is the
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Sine wave
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distance between the crest and the valley of wave is called ____
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amplitude
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distance from one wave crest to the next is _____
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wavelength
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the number of times per second that a crest passes a given point
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frequency
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the shorter the wavelengths
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the higher the frequency
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velocity formula is
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wavelength X frequency
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___ or ___ can describe the energy of the wave
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frequency or wavelength
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electromagnetic spectrum includes ___, ___, ____, ___ and ____
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x-rays, gamma rays, visible light, microwaves and radio waves
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shorter wavelentgh, high frequency, more penetrating is _____ radiation
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ionizing(able to remove electron from an atomic orbit)
wavelength is shorter than one nanometer |
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longer wavelength, lower frequency
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non-ionizing
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Photon (minute bullet of energy)
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smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy
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quanta
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bundles of potons
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x-rays penetrate and can't be refracted by a ____ like light can
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lens
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x-rays can penetrate matter that is ___ to light
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opaque
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x-rays cause crystals to fluoresce when they are exposed. several types are
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barium platinocyanide, barium lead sulfate, calcium tungstate, and several salts consisting of rare earth elements
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small area on target(anode) is called
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focal spot
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primary x-ray beam is formed by
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cone shaped divergence of rays after they hit the focal spot
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CR central ray is center of the
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primary x-ray beam
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primary radiation
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-the xray beam that leaves the tube and is unattenuated except by air
-direction and location predictable and controllable -energy is controlled by the kV setting |
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Scatter radiation
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-radiation scattered or created as a result of the attenuation of the primary x-ray beam by matter
-travels in all directions from scattering medium & is difficult to control -generally has less energy than primary beam |
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Remnant (exit) Radiation
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-what remains of primary beam after it has been attenuated by matter
-patterns of densities in matter results differential absorption, pattern is inherent in remnant radiation -pattern of intensity of remnant radiation creates the radiographic image |
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inherent filtration is
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filtration of radiation done by the x-ray tube housing itself
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longitudinal tube motion
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along the long axis of the table
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transverse tube motion
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across the table, at right angles to longitudinal
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vertical tube motion
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up and down increasing/decreasing distance between tube and table
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rotation of tube
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allows the entire tube support to turn on its axis, changing direction in which tube arm is extended
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roll(tilt, angle) of tube
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permits angulation of the tube along the longitudinal axis and also allows the tube to be aimed at the wall rather than the table
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detent
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special mechanism that is used to stop a moving part at a specific location
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table types
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vertical, tilt and floating
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tilting tables have these special attachments
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footboard and shoulder guard
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mA
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is the measure of current flow rate in the x-ray tube circuit
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kVp
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is a measure of the potential difference across the x-ray tube
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inverse square law
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as the distance is doubled, each demension of the radiation field is doubled; so the radiation field is 4 times greater in the area
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rotating anode helps____
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distribute heat and prolong life of the tube
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radiographic quality include
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density, contrast, distortion and detail
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radiographic density or optical density(OD)
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overall blackness of the image
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tissue density is
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the mass density of anatomic parts
increase in tissue density will make image lighter not darker as increase in OD |
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weight factor of alpha particles is
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20
rad x WF = rem |
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WF of x-rays and gamma rays is
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1
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WF of beta rays and electrons is
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1
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WF neutrons(energy dependent) is
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5-20
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WF of Protons is
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5
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Laws of Bergonie' & Tribondeau state that cell sensitivity to radiation exposure depends on 4 characteristics of the cell
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1. age (younger more sensative/old)
2. differentiation (non-specialized cells more sensitive/highly complex cells) 3. metabolic rate(cells that use energy rapidly more sensitive/cells with slower metabolism 4. mitotic rate (cells that divide-multiply rapidly more sensitive/cells that replicate slowly |
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nonstochastic effects
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short-term radiation effects that are predictable and quantity required to produce them is well documented
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stochastic effects
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long-term random effects, no threshold amount of exposure received in order for them to occur
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cataratogenesis
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formation of cataracts. of concern to radiologists and techs who work extensively with fluoro
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carcinogenesis
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increased risk of malignant disease, particularly cancer of the skin, thyroid, and breast; leukemia
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