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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empiricist |
Uses the scientific method and makes conclusions based on data |
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Nativist |
The idea is that human nature is dominated by nature over nurture. "Who your parents are is more important than who raised you." |
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Plato |
was a nativist |
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Aristotle |
was an empiricist |
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Interactive (Cartesian) Dualism |
The idea that the mind and body are separate entities and work with each other. Pineal gland is the center of this communication. |
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Rene Decartes |
Founder of interactive (cartesian) dualism |
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Phrenology |
the idea that one could determine activity and size of different brain regions based on bumps on the exterior of the skull. It's BS |
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Paul Broca |
observed lesions in the localized areas of the brain to figure out which areas did certain jobs. Would ask lesion patients about their symptoms, and check the area of the brain affected after death. Discovered Brocas region of the brain |
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Localization and Lesions |
Tested by Broca in human patients after death. Pierre Flourens would surgically create lesions in animal brains for testing. |
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Broca's region |
Region of the brain specific to speech, discovered by Paul Broca |
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Brocaphasia |
damage of the brocas region. Patients suffering from this still have cognitive thought, and can makes sounds, but cannot speak properly |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
The father of psychology, wrote the first textbook and opened the first psych laboratory |
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Structuralism |
Analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. The mind can have numerous different elements to it, such as visual or auditory perception |
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Charles Darwin |
famous for evolutionary theory |
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Alfred Russel Wallace |
studied the same things as darwin at the same time, separately from each other. |
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Mary Whiton Calkins |
First female to complete the work for a PhD, First female president of the APA, |
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Gestalt Psychology |
idea that a human's mind and perception is based on their perception and experience throughout their lifetime |
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Sigmund Freud |
Defined hysteria as a temp loss of cognitive motor function, resulting from psychological trauma. Strongly believed in the subconscious effect on the mind. |
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Psychoanalytic theory |
many disorders a person has can be explained by underlying fears or experiences in their subconscious. Also a therapeutic approach to dealing with the subconscious effect. |
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Humanism |
An approach to understanding human nature, very very positive. |
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Unconditional Positive Regard |
a principle of humanism which always treats the patient positively, whether they tried to kill you multiple times or not |
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Behaviorism |
The scientific study of objectively observable behavior; example: something happens to someone, they react. You only observe stimulus and reaction, don't think about their thoughts or the inner workings of their mind |
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Burrhus Frederick Skinner (B.F. Skinner) |
Known as the father of behaviorism, performed numerous responses to condition reactions in animals, such as teaching pigeons to play ping-pong. |
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Ivan Pavlov |
worked with Ivan Tolochinov on classical conditioning; rang a bell before feeding a dog, the dog started salivating after hearing the bell; conditioned response |
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Ivan Tolochinov |
Worked with Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning |
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Classical conditioning |
the idea that responses can be conditioned; i.e. a dog was conditioned to salivate when a bell was rang because his food was always brought in after ringing the bell, worked on by the Ivans. |
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John B Watson |
performed the little albert studies; big on behaviorism and conditioning |
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Little Albert |
an observational study in which a baby was made to be afraid of rats, which he wasn't afraid of before, by pairing loud noises, which scared him, with the rats. The response was so strong the baby feared all fuzzy white objects afterwards |
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Observational studies |
studies which focus on observing a subject(s) case study observes one individual in detail (little albert) Naturalistic observation doesn't control variables, just observes Survey is another observational study |
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Reinforcement |
the idea of changing surroundings to create a desired behavior; positive gives something when a desired behavior is achieved (you gain an allowance cleaning your room) negative reinforcement removes something bad with a desired behavior, you clean your room, we remove the rabid oppossums |
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Margaret Floy Washburn |
First woman with a PhD, she also promoted the idea of animal cognition, which is very popular today |
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Variance |
the distance between each score in a distribution |
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construct validity |
The relation between a mathematical variable and an idea-based variable; ex) the relation between smiling (quantifiable) and happiness (not quantifiable) |
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Predictive validity |
How well do the measurements of a variable agree with each other? (does the amount of smiling, reported happiness, and brain activity all display the patient is happy?) |
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reliability |
how often can you replicate a measure or experiment? (a gallon of water always ways the same on a scale) |
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Power |
how accurately does something measure? (a scale that weighs the gallon of water to be 3.780006 kg has more power than a scale that measures 3.78 kg) |
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specious reasoning |
logic that appears to be sound, but is actually flawed (ie the "you can't eat carbs at night, bro" myth) |
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The pioneer of behaviorism was... |
B.F. Skinner |
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The 3 rs are... |
Reduce refine replace |
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The Tuskeegee experiments |
a 40 year study of syphillis which allowed a control group of black males with the disease to slowly die even though treatment was available |
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Functionalism |
the idea that people will adapt to their environment |
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Demand Characteristics |
the idea that people will change their behavior based on inferred demand while being watched |
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the IRB (Institutional Review Board) |
the group of professionals and citizens in universities who review human experiments |
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IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) |
the committee which reviews animal experiments |
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Invertebrates are not.. |
covered by animal research laws |
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Correlation |
the relation (not necessarily causal) between two variables |
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Principle of parsimony/Ockham's razor |
the theory stating we should always assume the simplest explanation unless the evidence shows this is not true |
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informed consent |
the basic requirement of research which requires participants are informed of everything they need to know before entering a study |
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Token economy |
a reward system based on reinforcement, which gave patients positive reinforcement for desired behaviors. Was ineffective over time |
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response to _____, _____, and ____ are learned much quicker than reward |
pain, fear, and startle |
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Dogmatism |
the tendency to lay down principles as true, cannot dispute. A Catholic arguing about "what the bible says". Someone has a "dogma" which they won't debate over |
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Studying humans is very difficult due to our _____, ______, and ______. |
complexity, variability, and reactivity |
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Operational Definition |
properties of behavior must be defined in measurable terms (happiness measured by smiling) |
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Hawthorne Effect: |
observation affects behavior, i.e. it's impossible to watch photons because by watching them you've changed what you're doing; mario always sees boo as cowering in fear |
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observer effect |
oftentimes in an experiment an observer will have an idea of how it will end. This idea can skew the observation of the data yielding a false or misleading result |
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Independent Variable (IV) |
hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable. This is manipulated and controlled by a researcher
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Dependent Variable |
Hypothesized to be effected. Is not controlled, just monitored |
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By randomizing a sample, or using a large sample size... |
you can reduce the risk of impact by a third variable |
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When the P is low... |
Reject the H0 |
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Nuremberg Code |
when trying nazis for war crimes, their hypothermia research was taken and is still used today. This research had been performed on jews. |
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Operation Paperclip |
the smuggling of nazi war criminals into the US to have them work for our military |
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Belmont Report |
Research should be beneficient, just, and show respect for persons and their rights |
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Reduce |
use the minimum number of animals required to get useful data |
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Refine |
design research to minimize discomfort and maximize knowledge gained |
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Replace: |
substitute computer models or cell cultures whenever possible |
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Emotivism |
the idea that our ideas of right and wrong are based on our perception, and therefore can never be undisputably true; morals are only emotional responses |
