Intro To Psychology "operant Conditioning"

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Learning

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the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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associatie learning

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learning that certain events occur together, in operant conditioning a response and its consequence

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stimulus

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any event or situation that evokes a response

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operant conditioning

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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment

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law of effect

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Throndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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operant chamber

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in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
also known as a "Skinner box"

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reinforcement

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in operant conditioning, an event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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shaping

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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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positive reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

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positive reinforcer

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any stimulas that when presented after a response strengthens that response

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negative reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

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negative reinforcer

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any stimulas that when removed after a response strengthens the response
(not punishment)

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primary reinforcer

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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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conditioned reinforcer

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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
also known as a secondary reinforcer

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reinforcement schedule

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a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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continuous reinforcement

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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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partial (intermittent) reinforcement
compare to continuous reinforcement

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reinforcing a response only part of the time
results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement

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fixed-ratio schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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variable-ratio schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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fixed interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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variable-interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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punishment

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a event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

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respondent behavior

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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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operant behavior

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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences