Intro To Psychology "memory"

Front 1

what are the three stages of memory

Back 1

encoding
storage
retrieval

Front 2

what are the three basic types of memory

Back 2

sensory
short term memory
long term memory

Front 3

what is forgetting?

Back 3

-

Front 4

what is false memory?

Back 4

-

Front 5

define memory

Back 5

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Front 6

define sensory memory
what is i called when its visual?
auditory?

Back 6

the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
exact replica of sensation
lasts less than 1 second
Iconic
Echoic

Front 7

define short-term memory

Back 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

Front 8

define long-term memory

Back 8

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Front 9

what are the two methods of encoding?

Back 9

effortful processing
automatic processing

Front 10

define automatic encoding

Back 10

unconscious encoding of incidental information
daily events ect

Front 11

define effortful processing

Back 11

requires attention and conscious effort
rehearsal used

Front 12

define rehearsal

Back 12

conscious repetition of information
-to maintain it in consciousness
-to encode it for storage

Front 13

describe Ebbinghaus' work
what did he find?

Back 13

tried to memorize nonsense syllables each day
the more times practiced on day one, the fewer repetitions to relearn on day 2,
also: Spacing Effect:distributed yields better long-term retention than massed practice

Front 14

how does imagery effect encoding?

Back 14

by creating a mental picture, acts as powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding

Front 15

define mnemonics

Back 15

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Front 16

what role does short term memory play

Back 16

temporary storage and process info

Front 17

define Primacy
what sort of memory does this effect

Back 17

being more likely to remember the things that come first (in a list)
short-term memory

Front 18

define Recency
what sort of memory does this effect

Back 18

more likely to remember the things that come last (in a list)
short-term memory

Front 19

define Serial Position Effect

Back 19

tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list

Front 20

how much info fints into short-term memory

Back 20

seven (+or-2) pieces of information

Front 21

define Chunking

Back 21

organizing items into familiar, manageable units
often occurs automatically
use of acronyms

Front 22

how long does information remain in STM?

Back 22

2-15 seconds without rehearsal

Front 23

what is the Brown-Peterson Task
what does this test?

Back 23

recall a series of three letter nonsense syllables after a period of distraction
the length short-term memory

Front 24

describe the work of Karl lashley

Back 24

had rats run mazes and then lombotomized them to find the portion of the brain responsable for storing the memory

Front 25

define Long-term Potentiation

Back 25

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Front 26

how doe emotions effect long term memory?

Back 26

strong emotions can make for strong memories
stress can make retention difficult

Front 27

define Explicit memory
is this short or long term?
another name?
where in the brain does this occur?

Back 27

memory of facts and experiences, can consciously know and "declare"
declarative memory
the hippocampus

Front 28

define implicit memory
short or long term?
another name?

Back 28

retention independent of conscious recollection
procedural memory

Front 29

define procedural memory
short or long term?

Back 29

the order of doing thins
long term

Front 30

define episodic memory
short or long term?

Back 30

biographical/significant events
long term
a kind of declarative memory

Front 31

define semantic memory
short or long term?

Back 31

how the world works, general knowledge
long term
a kind of declarative memory

Front 32

define recall

Back 32

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank-question

Front 33

define recognition

Back 33

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

Front 34

define state-dependent memory

Back 34

what is learned in one state is more easily remembered when in the same state

Front 35

define mood-congruent memory

Back 35

tendency to recall experiences that are consistant with one's current mood

Front 36

define relearning

Back 36

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Front 37

define encoding

Back 37

the processing of information into the memory stystem

Front 38

define storage

Back 38

the retention of encoded information over time

Front 39

define retrieval

Back 39

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Front 40

define working memory
name its four main focuses

Back 40

a newer understanding of short term memory
focuses on consciousness, active processing of auditory and visual-spacial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Front 41

define effortful processing

Back 41

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Front 42

define automatic processing

Back 42

unconscious encoding of incidental information, well-learned information(ex:work meanings)

Front 43

define iconic memory

Back 43

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Front 44

define echoic memory

Back 44

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Front 45

what is the spacing effect?

Back 45

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Front 46

what is the testing effect?

Back 46

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information

Front 47

define shallow processing

Back 47

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Front 48

define deep processing

Back 48

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words
tends to yield the best retention

Front 49

define priming

Back 49

the activation of particular association in memory
often unconsciously

Front 50

what is anterograde amnesia

Back 50

an inability to form new memories

Front 51

what is retrograde amnesia

Back 51

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Front 52

define proactive interference

Back 52

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Front 53

retroactive interference

Back 53

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Front 54

define repression

Back 54

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
in psychoanalytic theory

Front 55

what is source amnesia

Back 55

the attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, hear, read about, or imagined
central to the creation of false memories

Front 56

what is deja vu

Back 56

the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before
may be subconsciously triggered from cue to retrieval of an earlier experience