Intro To Psychology, Final Study

Front 1

what is Personality?

Back 1

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, felling, and acting

Front 2

Describe the four theories of personality

Back 2

Psychodynamic theory
Humanistic theory
Trait theory
Social Cognitive theory

Front 3

how do we define "abnormal behavior"

Back 3

Can have biological, psychological and social cultural factors/influences
Must meet 2 of 4 criteria:
statistical deviance (infrequent)
cultural deviance (against norms)
emotional distress
dysfunction

Front 4

what is DSM and how is it used?

Back 4

a volume of diagnostic criteria for personality disorders
smart people convene to make new editions

Front 5

describe the symptoms and characteristics of depression

Back 5

Behavioral and cognitive change: tend to be inactive/unmotivated, more readily recall negative information/expect negative outcomes
Depression is widespread
woman's risk in nearly double men's and display differs
Most major depressive episodes selfterminate in time
Stressful events often precede depression
Each new generation is being stuck with depression earlier

Front 6

what is bipolar disorder

Back 6

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between depression and mania

Front 7

describe the symptoms and characteristics of anxiety disorders (6)

Back 7

Pathological worry
Jittery
Agitated
Sleep deprived
Difficulty concentrating
Tends not to persist for long periods of time

Front 8

describe the symptoms and characteristics of phobias

Back 8

irrational fears

Front 9

what are the biological factors related to depression?
psychological factors?
sociocultural factors?

Back 9

Biological: mood disorders runs in families, diminished brain activity and lack of norepinephrine or seretonin
Social Cognitive: negative thoughts/mood leads to negative behavior and results (cycle)
psychological:-

Front 10

what are the 4 methods used in psychological research
what are the advantages/disadvantages of each?

Back 10

survey:adv:large sample dis:can get false info, bias sample, cant find cause and effect, just shows variable relationship
case study:adv:in depth, info on something rare dis: could be non representative
naturalistic observation:adv:manipulate variables, can find cause and effect, random assignment dis:may not apply outside of lab

Front 11

explain obedience (social psychology's greatest hits)

Back 11

people tend to obey when told to do something by a person of apparent authority
when the responsibility for negative results is removed from

Front 12

explain bystander intervention (social psychology's greatest hits)

Back 12

as the number of bystanders in an emergency increases the less likely that any one individual will help "someone else will help so i dont need to"

Front 13

explain cognitive dissonance (social psychology's greatest hits)

Back 13

an unpleasant state caused by peoples' awareness of inconsistency among various belief attitudes or actions, we are motivated to achieve and maintain cognitieve consistency to avoid dissonance (one$ over 20$ experiment)

Front 14

what treatments are available for phobias?
how can learning theories be applied to these?

Back 14

cognitive behavior therapy, classical conditioning, systematic desensitization

Front 15

what are the typical behaviors of OCD?

Back 15

cleaning/checking

Front 16

what are the neurological transmitters assosiated with depression and drug therapies for depresson

Back 16

Norepinephrine: increases arousal and boosts mood, scarce during depression
Serotonin: significant life stress combine with variation of the serotonin producing gene can lead to depression

Front 17

prevalence rates of mental illnesses in the USA

Back 17

Depression and anxiety most common
More depression in woman and men

Front 18

explain classical conditioning

Back 18

a type of learning in which one associates a previously neural but now conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

Front 19

explain operational conditioning

Back 19

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened when followed by a reinforcer or diminished in followed by a punishment

Front 20

explain observational learning

Back 20

the learning of behavior through observing the actions of other individuals

Front 21

why do we sleep? (3)

Back 21

Restoration: allows the brain and body to rest and repair themselves
Circadian cycles: biological clock of regular body rythems, 24 hour cycle
Learning: allows the strengthening of neural connections made during the day

Front 22

why do we dream? (2)

Back 22

file away memories
develop and preserve neural pathways

Front 23

what are the three different types of memory?

Back 23

Sensory: immediate, fleeting recall
Short term: activated memory that holds a few items briefly
Long term: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Front 24

how are people biased information processors? (3

Back 24

Hindsight bias: tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that you would have foreseen it
Overconfidence: in one's own knowledge/abilities
Tendency to perceive patterns in random events

Front 25

what are the cognitive biases in depression?
in anxiety disorders?

Back 25

depression: tend to recall negative information/memories
anxiety disorder: worry about everything, expect things to go wrong

Front 26

how do the course themes relate to personality, psychological disorders and social psychology?

Back 26

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Front 27

what is Psychodynamic personality theory?

Back 27

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Front 28

what is Humanistic personality theory?

Back 28

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Front 29

what is Trait personality theory?

Back 29

Describing personality in terms of fundamental traits with a focus on the "big five" personality traits

Front 30

what is a personality trait?

Back 30

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports

Front 31

what is a Personality Inventory?

Back 31

a questionnaire on which people res[ond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to assess selected personality traits

Front 32

what is social cognitive personality theory?

Back 32

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits AND their social context

Front 33

what is Comorbidty?

Back 33

the tendency (85%) for those with one personality disorder to have at least one more

Front 34

describe Ferstinger and Carlsmith's experiment and its results

Back 34

participants perform really boring task
asked if they found it interesting, most said no
asked to tell next person it was interesting for either $1 or $20
asked how much they enjoyed experiment: those given one doller actually said they enjoyed it more than last time asked
$1 an insufficient justification to lie so they "convince themselves" they enjoyed it

Front 35

describe the Robber's Cave experiments and its results

Back 35

two groups of campers compete, end up hating each other
then need to work together for a SUPERORDINATE GOAL and conflict is reduced
showed how quickly "ingroup identities" form
things that didnt work: giving information on other group, movie night

Front 36

define realistic conflict theory

Back 36

hostility between social groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Front 37

describe Zimbardo's study and its results

Back 37

wanted to see if people conform to social roles
placed some participants as prisoners and other as guards
guards became cruel towards prisoners, had to end study early
conformity

Front 38

describe Milgram's experiment and its results

Back 38

wanted to study obedience to authority
told participants to shock other "participant" (actor) until they were apparently seriously harmed
majority continued at orders from researcher

Front 39

describe Asch's study and its results

Back 39

had "participants" (actors) give a clearly wrong answer to a question
1/3 of actual participants conformed to incorrect answer, were visibly discomforted by their nonconformist conclusion

Front 40

describe Darley and Latane study and its results

Back 40

two or more people speaking via intercom in experiment
had person simulate emergency to see who would help
the more people present the less likely an individual would help

Front 41

what are the five basic themes for this course?

Back 41

Psychology is an empirical science
You are your brain
Human behavior is due to genetic and environmental influences
The importance of social bonds
human experience is subjective

Front 42

what are Positive Illusions

Back 42

seeing positive situations as being more positive than they are
ex. overestimating how good a significant other during a satisfied relashionship

Front 43

describe Antisocial personality disorder

Back 43

lack of morals/ethics; deceitfulness

Front 44

describe Borderline personality disorder

Back 44

impulsiveness, chronic boredom, self-harm, attention seeking

Front 45

describe Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder

Back 45

excessive concern with rules, order and trivial details

Front 46

explain seretonin reuptake inhibitors

Back 46

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Front 47

define compliance

Back 47

respons to requests

Front 48

define Id

Back 48

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
Operates on the Pleasure principle

Front 49

define Ego

Back 49

the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the Id, the Superego, and reality. operates on the reality principle

Front 50

define Superego

Back 50

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations

Front 51

what are the "Big Five"

Back 51

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Front 52

explain defense mechanisms
name the six kinds of defense mechanisms

Back 52

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial

Front 53

what are the three stages of memory?

Back 53

encoding
storing
recall

Front 54

what is the Reality Principle?

Back 54

the principle by which the ego functions
Satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Front 55

what is the Pleasure Principle?

Back 55

the principle by which the Id functions
Demanding immediate gratification

Front 56

how does the Regression defense mechanism work?

Back 56

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage

Front 57

how does the Reaction formation defense mechanism work?

Back 57

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Front 58

how does the Projection defense mechanism work

Back 58

Disguising one;s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Front 59

how does the Rationalization defense mechanism work?

Back 59

offering self justifying explanations in place of a real, more threatening unconscious reason for one's actions

Front 60

how does the Displacement defense mechanism work?

Back 60

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Front 61

how does the Denial defense mechanism work?

Back 61

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities