Intro To Psychology: Chapter 18 (Myers 8Th Edition)

Front 1

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

Back 1

The tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition (attribute it to internal or external conditions).

Hint 1

See: fundamental attribution error

Front 2

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

Back 2

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition (caused by underestimating situational influences).

Hint 2

e.g. the guy in the other car is cutting in front of me in his car because he is an idiot and not because his wife is pregnant and he needs to get her to the hospital
When we explain our own behavior, however, we more often point to the situation and not to ourselves.

Front 3

ATTITUDES

Back 3

belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events

Front 4

CAN ACTIONS AFFECT ATTITUDES

Back 4

1) Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
2) Role-playing affects attitudes (Zimbardo)
3) Cognitive dissonance

Front 5

FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR PHENOMENON

Back 5

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Front 6

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY

Back 6

We act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Front 7

CONFORMITY

Back 7

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Front 8

WHICH RESEARCHER LEAD THE WAY WITH CONFORMITY STUDIES?

Back 8

Asch

Front 9

WHAT CONDITIONS STRENGTHEN CONFORMITY?

Back 9

• Feel incompetent/insecure.
• The group has at least 3 people
• The group is unanimous.
• group’s status & attractiveness.
• No prior commitment to response.
• The group observes one’s behavior.
• One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standard

Front 10

2 REASONS OR CONFORMITY

Back 10

Normative Social Influence: .
Informative Social Influence:
Baron and colleagues (1996) made students do an eyewitness identification task. If the task was easy conformity was low compared to difficult

Front 11

NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Back 11

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection. Respecting normative behavior, because price may be severe if not followed.

Hint 11

Reasons for Conformity
Baron (1996)

Front 12

INFORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Back 12

The group may provide valuable information, only stubborn people will never listen to others.

Hint 12

Reasons for conformity
Baron (1996)

Front 13

WHO STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF AUTHORITY ON OBEDIENCE?

Back 13

Stanley Milgram

Front 14

WHEN DID MILGRAM FIND THAT SUBJECTS WERE MORE LIKELY TO OBEY?

Back 14

• Commands were given by authority figure not a volunteer
• The experiments were set in prestigious institution
• The authority figure was present in room with subject
• Learner was in another room
• The subject didn't see other subjects disobey commands

Front 15

SOCIAL FACILITATION

Back 15

Stronger responses (improved performance) on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Hint 15

Experiments reveal that the presence of observers or co-actors can arouse individuals, boosting their performance on easy tasks but hindering it on difficult ones

Front 16

SOCIAL LOAFING

Back 16

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Front 17

DEINDIVIDUATION

Back 17

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that occurs in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Hint 17

Tribal warriors wearing face paint or masks are more likely to kill, torture or mutilate captured enemies

Front 18

WHAT EFFECTS GROUP INTERACTION

Back 18

1) Group Polarization
2) Groupthink

Front 19

GROUP POLARIZATION

Back 19

Enhancment of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group

Front 20

GROUPTHINK

Back 20

Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives

Hint 20

Examples:
• Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Kennedy and Cuban Crisis
• Watergate Cover-up
• Chernobyl Reactor Accident

Front 21

PREJUDICE

Back 21

An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Front 22

DISCRIMINATION

Back 22

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

Front 23

WHY DOES PREJUDICE ARISE?

Back 23

• Social Inequalities
• Social Divisions
• Emotional Scapegoating

Front 24

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Back 24

When people have money, power and prestige, and others do not, prejudice develops. Social inequality increases prejudice

Front 25

INGROUP

Back 25

People with whom one shares a common identity

Hint 25

compare to outgroup

Front 26

OUTGROUP

Back 26

Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup

Hint 26

compare to outgroup

Front 27

INGROUP BIAS

Back 27

The tendency to favor one’s own group

Hint 27

compare to ingroup & outgroup

Front 28

SCAPEGOAT THEORY

Back 28

The theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Front 29

WHAT EFFECTS SHOW THE COGNITIVE ROOTS OF PREJUDICE?

Back 29

1) The just-world phenomenon
2) Hindsight bias

Front 30

THE JUST-WORLD PHENOMENON

Back 30

The tendency to believe the world is just & people get what they deserve & deserve what they get

Front 31

HINDSIGHT BIAS

Back 31

the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they really are

Front 32

WHAT ARE THE 3 LEVELS IN THE BIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION?

Back 32

• Genetic Influences: Twin studies. In men possibly linked to Y chromosome
• Neural Influences: limbic sys (amygdala) & frontal lobe
• Biochemical Influences: Animals with diminished testosterone (castration) become docile, if injected with testosterone aggression increases.

Front 33

WHAT 4 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR?

Back 33

• Aversive Events: frustration-aggression principle
• Learning Aggression is Rewarding
• Observing Models of Aggression: Sexual promiscuity & hostile masculinity = coerciveness against women
• Acquiring Social Scripts

Front 34

FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION PRINCIPLE

Back 34

A principle in which frustration (caused by blocking to achieve some goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression

Front 35

WHAT ARE 3 FACTORS OF ATTRACTION?

Back 35

1) Proximity: Geographic nearness. Repeated exposure increases attraction (mere exposure effect).
2) Physical Attractiveness
3) Similarity: similar views between individuals causes bond to strengthen

Front 36

PASSIONATE LOVE

Back 36

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Front 37

COMPASSIONATE LOVE

Back 37

Deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Front 38

BYSTANDER EFFECT

Back 38

Any given bystander is less likely to help if others are present.

Front 39

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

Back 39

Our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Front 40

RECIPROCITY NORM

Back 40

The expectation that we should return help not harm those who have helped us

Front 41

SOCIAL-RESPONSIBILITY NORM

Back 41

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them