Intro To Psychology

Front 1

define structuralism
who is associated with it?

Back 1

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Front 2

define functionalism
who is associated with it?

Back 2

senses ar thinking are adaptive advantages
William James

Front 3

Behaviorism
who is associated with it?

Back 3

the view that psychology should be a objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Front 4

Define Gestalt
who is associated with it?

Back 4

an emphasis on our tendency to integrate information as a meaningful whole

Front 5

define Psychoanalysis
who is associated with it?

Back 5

the theory of personality that attributes thought and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
proposed by Sigmund Freud

Front 6

what are the six "perspectives of psychology"

Back 6

biological, cognitive, Humanistic, psychodynamic, learning, and sociocultural

Front 7

how might biases affect judgments about and explanations for behavior?

Back 7

we can be affected through Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and the perception of order in random events

Front 8

explain hindsight bias

Back 8

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one could would have foreseen it

Front 9

explain overconfidence (bias)

Back 9

humans tend to think they know more than they do

Front 10

explain perceving order in random events

Back 10

we are prone to perceive patterns
random sequences often dont look random

Front 11

what is the scientific method?

Back 11

a self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis

Front 12

what is an operational definition?

Back 12

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

Front 13

what is a theory?

Back 13

an explenation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Front 14

what is a hypothesis?

Back 14

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Front 15

how do experiments differ from descriptive studies?

Back 15

experiments attempt to explore cause and effect through manipulation of variables while descriptive studies seek to observe and record behavior without altering any factors

Front 16

what is a case study?

Back 16

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Front 17

define naturalistic observation

Back 17

observing and recording behavior in natrually occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Front 18

what is a survey?

Back 18

a technique for collecting the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

Front 19

define population

Back 19

all the cases in a group being studied
from which the samples may be drawn

Front 20

what is a random sample?

Back 20

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Front 21

define correlation

Back 21

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Front 22

what is the correlation coefficient

Back 22

a statistical index of the relationship between two things
from -1 to +1

Front 23

what is a scatter plot?

Back 23

a graphed cluster of dots which represents the values of two variables
the slope suggests the direction of the two variables' relationship

Front 24

what is an experiment?

Back 24

a research method in which an investigator minipulates one or more independent variables to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Front 25

what is an experimental group/condition?

Back 25

the group/condition in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment

Front 26

what is a control group/condition?

Back 26

the grop/condition in an experiment that is NOT exposed to the treatment; contrasting the experimental group

Front 27

define random assignment

Back 27

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
minimizes preexisting differences

Front 28

what is the double-blind procedure?

Back 28

when neither the researchers nor the participants are aware who is in the control or experimental group

Front 29

define the placebo effect

Back 29

the experimental results caused by expectations alone

Front 30

what is an independent variable

Back 30

the experimental factor that is manipulated
the one whose effect is being studied

Front 31

what is a confounding variable?

Back 31

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

Front 32

what is a dependent variable?

Back 32

the outcome factor, the one that ay change due to manipulations of the independent variable

Front 33

what are the three ways of getting information during research?

Back 33

observation
survey
case study

Front 34

what is a case study?

Back 34

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Front 35

what are the features of a good theory?

Back 35

the organization of many self-reports and observations
implies predictions that can be use to check the theory or produce practical applications

Front 36

what is a representative sample?

Back 36

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Front 37

define the cognitive perspective

Back 37

the study of how we encode, process, store and retrieve information

Front 38

define the humanistic perspective

Back 38

focus upon the current environmental conditions that nurture or limite our growth potential

Front 39

define the Psychodynamic perspective

Back 39

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Front 40

define the learning perspective

Back 40

how behaviors are developed or altered by learning and observing others

Front 41

define the sociocultural perspective

Back 41

how behavior and thinking varies and is similar across different situations and cultures