Intro To Psych Modules 8-11 For Valdovinos

Front 1

zygote

Back 1

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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embryo

Back 2

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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fetus

Back 3

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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teratogens

Back 4

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach hte embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 5

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children casued by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

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rooting reflex

Back 6

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward hte touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

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suck reflex

Back 7

occurs when the roof of the baby’s mouth is stimulated, doesn’t appear until the 32nd week of pregnancy

Front 8

Moro (startle) reflex

Back 8

happens when you startle the baby, the baby fans out and then closes up

Front 9

Tonic neck reflex(fensing position)

Back 9

when their head turns one direction that arm tends to stretch out and the other arm goes behind their head…usually

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Grasp reflex

Back 10

when you stroke the baby’s hand they latch on

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Babinski reflex

Back 11

when you stroke the baby’s foot their toes fan out and then draw back in, longest lasting reflex, up to two years

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Step reflex

Back 12

if you hold a newborn up and touch its feet on the surface it moves its legs as if it were walking, that reflex disappears and you don’t see behavior like it again until the baby starts walking

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maturation

Back 13

biological growth proceses that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively influenced by experience

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Jean Piaget

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"children reason in wildly illogical ways about problems whose solutions are self-evident to adults"
sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational, formal operational

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schema

Back 15

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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assimilation

Back 16

interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas

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accommodation

Back 17

adapting one's current understandings (schemas) or incorporate new information

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cognition

Back 18

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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sensorimotor stage

Back 19

in Piaget't theory, the stage (from birth to 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of thier sensory impressions and motor activities

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object permanance

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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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preoperational stage

Back 21

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to 6 or 7)during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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conservatism

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the principle (that piaget thought was a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despire changes in the forms of objects

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egocentrism

Back 23

the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view (i have a brother but my brother doesnt have a brother)

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theory of mind

Back 24

people's ideas about their own and other's mental states - about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

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autism

Back 25

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interation, and understanding of others' states of mind
-related to malfunctions of brain areas that enable attending to others
-underlying cause is altered brain circuitry involving the fibers that connect distance neurons and enable communication among brain regions

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piagets stages

Back 26

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete and formal operational stages

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concrete operational stage

Back 27

the stage of cognitive development (6 or 7 to 11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
-begin to grasp conservation

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formal operational stage

Back 28

the stage of cognitive development (about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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stranger anxiety

Back 29

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months

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attachment

Back 30

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by thier seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on seperation

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stages of attachment

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-Asocial
-Indiscriminate attachment stage
-Specific attachment state
-Multiple attachment stage

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Asocial attachment

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0-6 months, don’t show a preference to anyone

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indiscriminant attachment

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6 wks to 6-7 months, starting to discriminate between strangers and familiar people

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specific attachment

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7-9 months until 2 years, children protest separation from a particular person, very wary of strangers, use parents as secure base

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multiple attachment

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18 months to beyond 2 years, lots of people

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origins of attachment

Back 36

Body contact, familiarity during the critical period and imprinting,
Responsive parenting

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Types of attachment

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Secure
Resistant
Avoidant
Anxious/ambivalent

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secure attachment

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baby uses mom as secure base, got very upset when mom left the room and they were soo happy when mom came back

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resistant attachment

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weren’t anxious at all, but they didn’t try to check out the room and explore, got upset when mom left, but when mom came back they were ambivalent

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avoidant attachment

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no interest in exploring, when mom left they didn’t get really upset just a little, and when mom came back they actively avoided mom as if to say they were mad at her

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anxious/ambivalant attachment

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combination of avoidant and resistant

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critical period

Back 42

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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imprinting

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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a crtical period very early in life

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basic trust

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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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self-concept

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a sense of one's identity and personal worth

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parenting styles

Back 46

Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative

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authoritarian parenting

Back 47

very strict
Kids do well in school
And are typically not going to be involved in bad activities
But are typically unhappy

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permissive parenting

Back 48

complete opposite of authoritarian
Kids have anti-social behaviors
Pretty rebellious
Kids don’t develop persistence
Tend to have poor emotion regulation

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authoritative parenting

Back 49

there are rules but parents take into consideration what the child wants and is feeling
Produces a well rounded happy kid
Pretty happy, self confident, good social skills, more open minded,
More likely to compromise and discuss issues

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adolescence

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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independance

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puberty

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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

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primary sex characteristics

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the body structures (ovaries, tested, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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secondary sex characteristics

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nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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menarche

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first menstrual period

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Kohlberg development of moral reasoning

Back 55

preconventional morality
conventional morality
postconventional morality

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preconventional morality

Back 56

obey rules to either avoid punishment or gain rewards

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conventional morality

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by early adolescents, care for others and they uphold laws because they are laws, rule following for either approval or avoid dishonor and guilt

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postconventional morality

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agree upon rights and follow own ethics and principles

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identity

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one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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intimacy

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in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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menopause

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the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

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alzheimer's disease

Back 62

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

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underlying cause of alzheimers

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loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

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cross-sectional study

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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

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longitudinal study

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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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crystallized intelligence

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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skillz; tends to increase with age

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fluid intelligence

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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

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social clock

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the culturally preferred time of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement