Intro. To Psych Modules 20-23

Front 1

Operant Conditioning

Back 1

suggests that behavior is influenced by consequences.

Front 2

Operant Conditioning: Thorndike's Law of Effect

Back 2

rewarded behavior = likely to recur.
Puzzle box: used fihs to reward entice cats to find way out of box through series of maneuvers; performance tended to imporve w/successive trials = law of effect.

Front 3

Operant Conditioning: Skinner's Experiments

Back 3

Operant chamber and shaping.

Front 4

Operant Conditioning: Operant Chamber

Back 4

also known as Skinner's box.
contained bar/key that animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, w/attached devices to record animal's rate of bar pressing/key pecking.

Front 5

Operant Conditioning: Shaping

Back 5

reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior.

Front 6

Positive v. Negative Reinforcer

Back 6

Both increase/strengthen behavior.
Postive = increase behaviors by presenting positive stim., like food; when presented after response = strengthens response.

Negative = increase behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stim., like shock; when removed after response = strengthens response (not punishment).

Front 7

Primary and Seconday Reinforcers

Back 7

Primary = innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Secondary = conditioned; stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association w/primary.

Front 8

Ratio Schedules

Back 8

Fixed-ratio = reinforcement schedule that reinforces response only after specified number of responses.

Variable-ratio = reinforcement schedule that reinforces response after unpredictable number of responses.

Front 9

Interval Schedules

Back 9

Fixed-interval = reinforcement schedule that reinforces response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Variable-interval = reinforcement schedule that reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals.

Front 10

Punishment (Positive and Negative)

Back 10

Positive = administer adversive stimulus (spanking, parking ticket).

Negative = withdraw a desirable stimulus (time-out from privelages),

Front 11

Latent Learning

Back 11

behavior only apparent when there's incentive for the behavior, otherwise = underneath the surface.

Front 12

Motivation

Back 12

Intrinsic = desire to perform behavior for its own sake; internal; driving self to perform behavior.

Extrinsic = desire to perorm behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.